Data Protection Act Essay Example for Free

Data Protection Act EssayEvaluate ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported whilst ensuring whistle blowers and those who practice or behaviour being questioned argon protected. The whistle blowing policy states that it is connected to openness, probity and accountability. The policy gives a voice to employees and others who have concerns about malpractice or feel that someone is not doing their job in school. In policies provide dish out and support if a fellow member of staff for others need to speak up and feel that they are been supported. The school go forth take any concerns seriously and bear on with them following procedures. The purpose of the policy is to make people feel that they are someone to talk to voice their concerns. How to raise the concern, you need to speak to a member of the SLT or write to the chair the governors. You will get a response within five working days. You will be asked to attend a opposition to voice your concerns and dis cuss them, they ask you write the problem down and give the names dates and places.After the meeting within 10 days you will fetch a letter of your concern has been authoritative and it outlined the issues and then tell you how they will deal with the matter if needed. If the SLT or chair a governor decides that an investigating is needed they will advise local authority, procedures for safeguarding of children will be followed. The investigating will not be carried out by anyone in your line management.If an investigation is carried out you will be informed of what is happening. The information that will be given to you may not be all the selective information involved because of the data protection act. If there is an anonymous allegation it can often be difficult to investigate it is better to raise concern in person. Anonymous allegations are investigated if the issue is a serious, the credibility of the allegation, being able to confirm the allegation (enough evidence).How the school trees whistleblowers. If you make an allegations in good faith no action will be taken against you if you make malicious allegations then disciplinary action can be taken against you. Disciplinary action can also be taken against other members of staff who try and stop employees raising concerns. Anybody who raises a concern has the opportunity to give feedback about any problems that you may have received this is so employees who raise a concern in good faith does not suffer.

Fundamental Attribution Error Essay Example for Free

Fundamental Attribution Error EssayThe human nature is an interesting subject to get hold of, each individual has their own way of visual perception things in their own perspective or ways of persuading others, in order to make sense of their own lifes. Fundamental ascription error creation one important concept, this explains a soulfulnesss behavior, how a person can underestimate circumstances yet overestimate ones characteristics. For example if a man didnt keep back the door for woman when walking into a store, the woman behind him might conclude that man doesnt have manners or is uncivil. That woman cut off the situation in her perspective without considering situational factors, such as, he might have been running late or he didnt notice another person behind him. People will judge primarily on their experience with that individual without considering other factors or placing their selves in their situation. An important researcher known as Milgram, he challenged the d emands of confidence on obedience, and how far are people willing to conform to orders. Milgram analyses social compliance and obedience toward superior in his experiment.In the study there is a learner, teacher and administrator, each of whom play an important role in the experiment. The teacher is the one giving the questions to the learner and if the learner gets the answer wrongfulness the teacher is obligated to shock the learner. The administrator has the authority to tell the teacher to increase the level on the shock generator. When the learner continues get an answer incorrect the shocks get stronger from 15 to 450 volts and so the learner refuses to continue because he cannot endure anymore pain.The teacher complies with the commands given by administrator to keep going heretofore if the learner is hurt. Milgram experiment was successful and demonstrates how people obey to represent cooperativeness or by fear even if it goes against better judgment. The concept of fund amental attribution error and Milgrams research on obedience takes an important role in Davids response to his history teachers question to why so many German people complied with Hitlers order to systematically slaughter millions of innocent Jews.Davids response being, because Germans were unusually cruel, sadistic people with abnormal and twisted personalities. The fundamental attribution error in Davids response is when he penalized every single person in the German population for being all cruel, sadistic, abnormal and twisted personalities. He used Germans behavior as a significant factor as their external administration to judge all Germans for their actions. Also in Davids response, the German population was responsible for the harm to the Jewish community, although Hitler was the prime leader and influenced the outbreak of the Nazi Party.Hitlers leadership illustrates a great example of Milgrams research, of abuse of power and obedience in German society. Milgram reveals h ow people, in this situation German citizens obeyed to higher authority either because of fear or collaboration. David was not able to see the underlining causation of Germanys injustice, although this is common act, people are usually compelled to unrightfully circumstances and overestimating people.

Nature and Causes of Resistance to Change

Nature and Causes of Resistance to miscellanyHowever on that point ar general points that force out be made about the concept of formation deepen. Before transfer take place organisation should know some key factors such as how to a greater extent agitate is needed? How frequently meter is required for swap to take place? When should change take place? Who should be key performer in change help? And what role should they come? Who benefits from change and harms from it.There atomic number 18 primarily two forces which puts organisation to change a charge and internal. First lets took at external forcesChanges in demand for the organisations product or services for role model reinvigorated trends in market place, change in customer preferences, government legislationAggressive tactics of competitors for archetype developing an discriminatory correctment in product or in service.Arrival of newcomer with advance and low-cost product or service.Takeover of business b y more power full organisationMerger and aquitationChange in supplierChange in terms of trade example currency exchange rate, tax etcFail to requite skill employeesChange in technology available for business in term to more profits.Change in government rules for example taxation, new budge, new labour lawThe impact of these external forces in terms of change might differ depending on organisation and industry in which they compete. For example supermarket Retail Company like TESCO and ASDA will give more authorized to its competitor. While banking organisation like HSBC or Barclays will immediately do to economic condition or change in government rule.Internal forces which should in theory be more predictable indication of change ar as followsPlanned changes in strategy as result of new mission and goals. Some eons depends on external consideration.Efforts to introduce cultural change for example change in precaution style, collaborative working.Change in production systems to improve and make better use of resources.Need to improve quality of products or services.For launching new product or services developed by research and outgrowth or sales or marketing department.Need to improve standards or services for dealing with suppliers.Need to deploy human resources where they be most effective.Need to Change or upgrade information technology.Dealing with these external forces of change guidance have plane how they will respond to them. Some potential changes atomic number 18 world declared well in advance and in these cases planning is taken care proactively.Other general issue concerning organisational change include stand firmance to change the use of key individuals as change actor and cost of consume change. It is important that managers planning changes should acknowledge that some resistance will be unavoidable.All change will incur some turn to cost an example of this is equipment cost, relocation cost, recruitment cost, and possible redu ndancy payment. Apart from this there will be indirect cost like communicating change to employees, providing appropriate training and temporarily redeploying key managers and staff on the projects.Resistance to changeThere is non much point in change in change for changes sake. Most people need to be persuaded of need to change. Some people fear it. The reality is that ever human grouping has some forces inside it which keep it together and provide it with stability and other which provide it with reason to change or adapt. Kurt Lewin1 illustrated the dilemma neatly with his classic notion of force report theory. This theory suggest that all told behaviours is the result of equilibrium between two set of opposite forces what he calls driving forces and restraining forces driving forces push one way to attempt to bring about change restraining forces push the other way in order to maintain the status quo.Generally speaking human being tends to prefer to use driving forces to brin g about change. They want win by exerting rack on those who oppose them but as Lewins model suggests the more one side push the more other side resists resulting in no change. The better way of over approach shot of it is by focusing on the removal, or at least weakening of objection and fear of resisting side. Thus the initial policy should not be how we give the axe persuade them of our arguments for change? But rather what are their objections and how we abide deal with them? Lewin developed three-stage approach to ever-changing behaviour which comprises the following stepUnfreezing existing behaviour gaining acceptance for change.Changing behaviour adopting new attitudes, modifying behaviours this is mainly done by change agent.Refreezing new behaviour that is reinforces new patters of conceive ofing or working.The unfreezing stage is aimed at getting people to see that change is not only necessary but is enviable. The change stage is mainly a question of identifying what ne ed to be change in peoples attitude, values and action, and then share them to acquire ownership of the changes. The role of change agent who is the main person responsible for helping group and individual to accept new ideas and practise is important at this stage. The refreezing stage is aimed at consolidating and reinforcing the change behaviour by various prevail and mechanisms like encouragement, promotion, participative management and more consultation.Now let look at kotters2 theory about. John kotter a professor at Harvard business school world-renowned his eight step change process in his 1995 book leading change which are as followsCreate and sustain a sense of urgency about the future.Create and empower a leadership team a maneuver of coalition.Developed an end goal, stack and strategy to achieving.Constantly communicate new vision and set out what change in behaviour are required.These are four stages are intended to help deforest hardened status quo.Empowering emplo yees to help change happen by removing obstacle such as restrictive organisation structure, lack of necessary skills, inflexible managers and unimaginative reward system.Generating some benefits in short-term so that people can see some indubitable improvements on the way to achieving the goal.Consolidating short gain and producing more change by continuing the action taken in stage five, introducing new projects and bringing in more people who are committed to the change that are sought.Embedding the new approaches in organisation culture so as to avoid eventual turnaround into previous practice. This implies adapting the culture from some earlier model and being pre give to adapt again the change.INTRODUCTIONThe change in an organization is important to propitiate in the competition between the competitors in the business. Change is an inescapable part of social and organizational life.The concept of change in organization whitethorn be wide change or small change.Small change in organisation may be like adding new persons, modifying a program wide. wide-cut changes will be like lay offs, mergers, new technologies and collaboration with a major go with.The Nature and Cause of Resistance of ChangeEmployees can also resist change because they will find some new technology and program to learn and there will be new challenges to face and achieve new goals, but rather they will have fear of unknown future and about ability to adopt it. (De Jader 2001) Argues that Most people are reluctant to leave alone the familiar behind. We are all suspicious about the unfamiliar we are naturally concerned about how we will get from the old to new, especially if it involves eruditeness something new and risking failure.FORCES (SOURCES) OF CHANGEAn organization can have many different forces for change its organization. Awareness of these forces will be helpful to the managers to change their organization by implementing these changes accordingly in time.There are both external and internal forces which are discussed hereunder-External ForcesExternal forces for change will be originated foreign the organization these force of change may have global effects, because organization generally have an external change when they are eventually find that they are running or going out of business.There are basically four key factors for an external change which are discussed below-Demographic CharacteristicsThe manpower plays a vital role in business. It is like the essence of business while managing effectively in varied work force. This manpower is very varied. Because of the preceding(prenominal) the establishments have to manage more efficiently in order to receive involvement and dedication to the work from the workforce.-Technological AdvancementsAs the technology is rapidly changing from day to day, they are new innovations, applications which will make the work reticent subdued. It is very important to many organizations to use technology and its applications as a agency to improve productivity and market competitiveness. Both manufacturing and service organizations are increasingly using technology. The best Example is most Banks in Tanzania using Automation cashier Machine.Social FactorMostly all the factors of the change factors of the involves in the public around. Change in the technologies is socially good if the technologies are developing the surroundings. The change can bring the whole turnover of the company but it can happen only with the support of the employees. Unless there is a co operation from the previous employees there may not be any use in the change of management. So change in management first step is to gain support and co operation from the employees is being affected by this. If there is no support then it will be a high risk in change of management.Political PressuresSubstantial changes can also be a force due to political events. For example, the shift from socialism miserliness to liberaliz ation of economy in Tanzania created many new business opportunities. Although it might be difficult for an organization to predict change in political forces, many organizations hire lobbyists and consults which can be helpful in detecting and responding to social and political changes.Internal ForcesHuman Resource problems/projectsHuman Resource is another area where an organization can change inside the organization. The management has to decide the change of skill-level of its workers and need to change the level basing on the performance of the workers. Perceptions and expectations, attitudes and values are also a commonplace focus on organizational change.These problems derive form employee perceptions about how they are treated at work and the match between individual and organization require and desires. Dissatisfaction is also a symptom of an employee underlying problem which should be addressed. Absence of employees in a high level and turnover may also be a force for a change. Organizations can respond these kinds of problems by various approaches like, by implementing reasonable job previews, by reducing the role conflict of employees, kernel and uncertainty and reducing the stress of the employees. Anticipation from the employees participation and suggestion for a positive change.Managerial Behaviour/DecisionsInterpersonal conflicts between managers and their subordinates is also a foretoken where change is needed. Behaviour of the employees or managers inside the organization is very important in the organization where managers and their team are directly related to the organizational value. In such cases both manager and employee need interpersonal training or they have to be separated. Managers with leadership qualities and taking the appropriate decisions inside the team are one of the solutions for this kind of problem.Resistance To ChangeIn todays economy, change is all-pervasive in organizations. It happens continuously, and often at ra pid speed. Because change has become an everyday part of organizational dynamics, employees who resist change can actually cripple an organization. (Mullins, 2005).Resistance is a compulsory response for any major change. Individuals will rush o obligate their status quo if they feel their security or status is threatened. Resistance may be the conduct which may serves to maintain the status quo in the face of pressure to alter the status quo. Individuals are not ready to resist the change, but rather they may be resisting the loss of status, loss of pay and comfort.Why mountain Resist Change in the WorkplaceNow-a-days all the companies, Government departments and institutions, no matter whether public or private, no longer have a choice, the change is mandatory to survive in the competitive world but unfortunately people tend to resist change. Change in an organization is not an easy task, this will increase the pressure on the management to learn the transparency of change.The p erception of change will differ between managers and employees top level management seeks a change is an opportunity to strengthen and to advance the business in their career, whereas for employees, included middle level managers change is never sought after it is exuberant and intrusive.The following are the best described reasons wherefore people resist change.Fear of FailureResistance to change may cause fear. During periods of change, some employees may feel that the past is the most secured and predictable time. If they have performed well in the past, they may resist changing their behaviour that they may not achieve much in the future.Creatures of HabitWorking things in same routine manner is comfortable, asking employees to change away from the routine work they may think why do we need change?. In some cases, employees may ignore change because it may require employees to experience something beyond from their normal and easy method of operation.No obvious needsSome emplo yees may fail to recognize the positive impact of change in the organization, so they may find change is unnecessary. Some employees may see a change in their attitude of impact on their jobs.Loss of controlEmployees are used and are more familiar with the work style which gains a lot of control over their work environment. They may feel that this will not be possible and think they may loos control over their work when the organization is changed which may confuse the employees and feel powerless.Unwillingness to learnSome employees prevent their own growth and development they may even hesitate to try or learn new routes and express their unwillingness to learn.Fear that the new way may not be betterSome employees may resist change because they fear that the change may not result in improvement. As their current status is quiet sufficient and may not need change because they dont know whether the change may result as the same.Understanding and Managing the Resistance to ChangeIt i s very much important that the managers should resist the change, if failed change efforts are costly. Cost includes decrease of employee loyalty, probability of achieving goals will be lowered, and waste of money and resources and fixing the failed change effort is difficult. use strategic measurements can be a way of building support. The other parts of process like, involving employees from the beginning, explaining the reason for change in the organization clearly, clear strategy, direction, vision and also accepting and respecting the viewpoints of the employees. Employees often do not accept change which cannot be controlled however it will be more likely to have a substantial influence on change.Overcoming Resistance to ChangeResistance to change will be a complex issue by the employees in the management and ever-evolving organization of today. The process of change is extensive, and employees resistance is considered a critically important to overcome resistance to change.Th ere are tree key conclusions which should be unploughed in mind before recommending the approaches to overcome resistance.First, an organization should be ready for change before it gets affected. It is better to conduct a survey should be conducted and measure it when the organization is ready to undertake change.Second, change will not be successful when the top level management fails to inform the employees and aware them about the process of change.Third, understanding the change may affect resistance of employees, they are less likely to resist.Positive Resistance to ChangeManagers often understand resistance negatively and employees who resist are considered disobedient and organization essential overcome the obstacles in order to achieve new goals. Employee resistance will play a prevailing role and useful when there is a change in organization. Initiating the proposed change by the management is possible when employees resist change. Which can help the organizations to s elect all possible changes in appropriate to the current situations. According to (De Jager 2001, Resistance is simply a very effective, very powerful, very useful mechanism.Monitoring Organizational ChangeEffectiveness cannot be measured if the change is not monitored. During change monitoring is particularly crucial due to many forces. Complications increase while the process of change. model STUDYCHANGES IN THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESTata is one the leading car manufacture in India. In 1992 the management of this company has been changed. Here the brief description of the company when Ratan tata taken over the company in 1992.After the Ratan tata taking over the Tata businesses, he implemented many of the strategies like unite, refocus and germinate the group, the strategies were the revival of Tata administrative services (TAS) a department of Tata Services Ltd. had been recruiting talented individuals for management career acceleration in group affiliates since the 1950s. TAS h ad been successful compared to other internal companies in retaining people but the prestige had waned somewhat in recent years. Ratan promoted TAS as a premium career and elevated the programs status among up-and coming business leaders through media exposure. TAS was to become a group talent resource by enlarging the program and improving the mobility of TAS participants among group companies.New TAS recruits (mostly MBAs) were to work in a range of industries in the group. TheCompensation packages offered to TAS recruits are also redesigned to match the market rates. These efforts to revive TAS and make it a destination of choice for talent paid off well for Tata Sons and all the group companies which opted to participate in the TAS program.The another important strategy was the restructuring the whole business like The objectives for restructuring were defined clearly. First one, Returns mustiness be greater than cost of capital, Each company must be the industry leader occupy ing one of the top three positions and The business identified must have potential for high growth and should be globally competitive. Having decided on these objectives, there were clear strategies for exits. There was a break from the earlier kitschy approach to businesses that have been built over decades. Ratan Tata decided to exit the businesses of soaps and toiletries, cosmetics, consumer electronics, pharmaceuticals, computer and telecom hardware, branded white goods, paints, oil exploration services, cement, textiles equally intense was his expansion/entry into businesses identified as having high growth potential. These included passenger cars, auto components, retailing, telecom, power and insurance.ConclusionChange is inevitable and is must in the present days where it is needed in the present competitive world to stay in competition. Taking the right step in right time will save the organization from getting out the business. Change in should reflect to the goals of t he organization in such a way that the members of the organization understand, implement and achieve the goals accordingly.

Effect of Anticoagulant on Blood Calcium

Effect of Anticoagulant on business line CalciumEffect of Anticoagulant rat Heparin Produce Negative Bias in the Determination of Total Blood Calcium?Soma Santra1, Manju Soni2, Ajay Soni2, Swati Kotwal1*KEY WORDSQuality control, pre-analytical, bloodline serum atomic number 20, kit method, o-CPCAbstractCalcium is a vital element in the body which plays an important physiological role as it act as a second messenger in many biochemical pathways. Accurate results of good and ionic atomic number 20 level plays a pivotal role in patient cargon and management. Measurement of serum calcium helps to identify many clinical disorders. Many preanalytical conditions affect the blood calcium estimation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the proceeding of heparin, employ as an anticoagulant on add up blood calcium assay. Blood specimen from 10 healthy subjects were collected and the difference in total calcium contraction in germ plasm and serum seeks was assessed. No portentous changes were detect when plasma levels were compared with the serum values with p value of 0.56. Deming regression outline yielded the equation 1.02 (serum total calcium value) + 0.28 mg/dl. The parti pris value was -0.109 mg/dl (95% CI -0.248 0.030 mg/dl) for total calcium levels assayed victimisation either metro was acceptable. Total calcium values did not materially differ when either plasma or serum was used with the spearman correlation coefficients (r value) of 0.98. In conclusion, heparinized thermionic valves can be used for the determination of total blood calcium. The use of plasma sample has an advantage in an extremity laboratory setting due to less touch on time.KeywordsCalcium, Heparin, Quality control, Preanalytical, Phlebotomy, Blood collection deviceIntroductionIn recent years, there has been an change magnitude effort by international committees and working root words to develop grapheme standards for the pre-analytical phase, including the proper us e of anticoagulants in sample collection (1, 2). Anticoagulants are additives that inhibit the clotting of blood they are used only on ensuring that the concentration of the marrow squash to be measured is changed as little as possible before the analytical process (3). The preanalytical laboratory testing takes two major steps Blood collection and processing (4). The ionic calcium level in blood is recognized to be falsely decreased either due to dilution or spinal column effects of heparin, which is applied as an anticoagulant (5). The CSLI recommends the use of lyophilized calcium-balanced heparin syringes (6, 7) for collecting specimens for ionized calcium measurement. It has been proposed that ionized calcium levels can be affected by excess of heparin present in blood (8), although it was believed that the clinical significance was minimal (9). In this study, we are determining the effect of heparin on assay of total blood calcium to analyze preanalytical error in the colle ction of blood samples.Materials and MethodsThis study was approved by Swami Vivakanand Medical Mission respectable Committee. Informed consent was obtained from the donors. For evaluation of the effect of heparin on total blood calcium assay, blood samples were obtained from the 10 subjects. Blood samples were sequentially obtained by exclusive venipunture from an antecubital vein in BD PresetR lithium heparin tubes (Ref. No. 367884) and BD vacutainer serum (Ref. No. 367812). All the subjects were between 18 50 years age group including both genders. Plasma levels of total calcium were compared to the serum calcium, which was used as a reference here. After the blood withdrawal, samples were then recapped into individual containers, followed by sample centrifugation. The plasma and serum samples were separated within 30 minutes of blood collection. Commercially available biochemical kit (Liquid Gold, Span diagnostic, India) by Arenazo-III method was used for total calcium Assay. Within 2 hours after collection, total calcium was measured in all samples in triplicate and mean was used for pull ahead analysis. Data were evaluated using Analyse-it software (version 2.26). For all statistical comparisons, p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Data concordance was evaluated via Deming regression analysis. The mean of differences ( submit) and limits of agreement was calculated using the Bland and Altman method (10). Differences between total calcium level obtained from plasma and serum were compared using the paired t-test. Correlations were determined via calculation of Spearman correlation coefficients (r values).ResultsThe total calcium values of samples analyzed in the present study ranged from 8.69 10.47 mg/dl and the mean total calcium values obtained using BD lithium Heparin was 9.34 0.18 mg/dl whereas that for serum samples was 9.48 0.18 mg/dl with SD of 0.57 (Table 1) by 1-way ANOVA. The Spearman correlation coefficient was r = 0.98 (p DiscussionSerum is the preferred sample which is used by many laboratories for biochemical testing since it avoids the addition of anticoagulants that may interfere with some analytical methods or alter the true concentration of the parameters being measured. The use of serum or plasma in clinical pathology remains controversial. However, analyte stability is greater in serumthan in plasma (11, 12) and differences between plasma and serum test results have a good deal been documented (13). Moreover, in stored samples, the formation of fibrin strands is lower in serum than in plasma and therefore, there is lesser risk of occlusion in automated biochemical analyzers. However the use of plasma is preferred in some centres as it separates quickly saving preanalytical time thus reducing the total testing closure (TTP) secondly, 1520% more plasma sample can be obtained from the same volume of blood than the serum sample and lastly, with plasma there are no coagulation-induced changes or interferences (3). Heparin has been generally recommended as the most fitting anticoagulant for plasma collection (14) due to its physiological acceptance in vivo. Although in previous reports, a significant differences in selected parameters have been found between heparinized plasma and serum samples (13, 15).In our study, serum and heparinized plasma yielded similar results with no significant changes in total blood calcium assay this confirms the views of Thorensen, S.I.,et al (15) who also reported similar observations and this adds up to the observation of Ladenson, J., et al (13) in which clinically significant changes were observed in ionic calcium observations on use of heparinized plasma over serum results.. We found that the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating a good correlation, when total calcium test results when plasma and serum were compared. Deming regression analysis yielded the slope of the regression line that did not approximate unity, sug gesting that, in addition to the presence of a modest constant bias, a small and non-significant proportional difference also existed between the test results obtained upon use of the two tube types (16). The total calcium assay bias was -0.109 mg/dl. The criteria of acceptable limits imprecision for total calcium assay is 1mg/dl and medically allowable error is 0.37 mg/dl (17, 18). In the present study, we observed that the total calcium concentrations of plasma samples were slightly lower than serum samples with no clinically significant differnece and the bias values were smaller than US CLIA 1988 targets.Although collection of blood samples from the patients administered with heparin prior to the collection may hold in excess of heparin, increasing clotting time in the collection tube and thereby increasing the potential for the establishment of latent fibrin in the preanalytical phase. Preanalytical variables associated with blood collection should be further standardized to e nsure the accuracy of test results. It is impractical to expect tube manufacturers to test out their subway systems on all possible assay platforms this is a project for individual research laboratories.ConclusionWe conclude that heparinized tubes are suitable for sample collection for total calcium assay. With the use of heparin tubes use faster processing of blood samples can be possible, which is valuable in an emergency setting and in intensive care units. Moreover, single sample can be used for multiple purpose, including both hematological and biochemical analyses.ReferencesGuder, W.G., Ehret, W., da Fonseca-Wollheim, F., Heil, W., ruminator Plate, O., Topfer, G. Serum, plasma or whole blood? Which anticoagulant to use? Laboratory Medicine 22, 1998 297312.World Health Organization. Use of Anticoagulants in Diagnostic Laboratory Investigations. vol. 1 WHO/DIL/LAB/99, Geneva, 1999 164.Guder, W.G. The quality of diagnostic samples. Blood Gas News 10, 2001 1824.Raffick A.R. Bowen, Glen L. Hortin, Gyorgy Csako, Oscar H. Otaez, Alan T. Remaley. Impact of blood collection devices on clinical chemistry assays. clinical Biochemistry 43, 2010, 425.Sachs C, Rabouine P, Chaneac M, Kindermans C, Dechaux M. In vitro evaluation of a heparinized blood sampler for ionized calcium measurement. Ann Clin Biochem. 199 28240244.National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. ionised calcium determinations precollection variables, specimen choice, collection, and handling proposed guideline. Villonova, PA NCCLS 2001. NCCLS Document C31-A.Cheung Soo Shin, Chul Ho Chand, Jeong Ho Kim. Liquid Heparin Anticoagulant Produces More Negative Bias in the determination of Ionized Magnesium than Ionized Calcium. Yonsei Med J., 2006 Apr 47(2)191195.Ritter C, Ghahramani M, Marsoner HJ. More on the measurement of ionized magnesium in whole blood. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1996224275280.Toffaletti JG, Wildermann RF. The effects of heparin anticoagulants and take on volume in bloo d gas syringes on ionized calcium and magnesium measurements. Clin Chim Acta. 2001304147151.Bland JM, Altman DGStatistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.Lancet, 1986,1307310.Boyanton B.L. Jr, Blick KE Stability studies of twenty-four analytes in human plasma and serum. Clin Chem2002,4822422247.Narayanan SThe preanalytic phase an important component of laboratory medicine. Am J Clin. Pathol2000,113429452.Ladenson, J., Lii-Mei, B., Michael, M.D., Kessler, G., Heinz, J. Serum versus heparinized plasma for 18 common chemistry tests. Is serum the appropriate specimen? American Journal of Clinical Pathology 62, 1974 545552.Burtis, C.A., Ashwood, A.R., 2008. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Sixth ed. WB Saunders, Philadephia, pp. 3143, 42-62.Thorensen, S.I., Havre, G.N., Morberg, H., Mowinckel, P. Effects of transshipment center time on chemistry results from canine whole blood, heparinized whole blood, serum and heparinized plasma. V eterinary Clinical Pathology 21, 1992 8894.Martin RF General deming regression for estimating systematic bias and ts confidencenterval in method-comparison studies.Clin Chem2000, 46100104.US Dept. Of Health and Human Services. Medicare, Medicaid, and CLIA Programs regulations implementing the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA). Final rule. Fed Regist 1992577002-186.Desirable specifications for total error, imprecision, and bias, derived from intra- and inter-individual biologic variation. http//www.westgard. com/biodatabase1.htm.

Amado V Hernandez Works

Amado V Hernandez WorksAmado V. Hernandez lived in a nationalist milieu that witnessed a range of Philippines that were determined to prove to colonizers that they were assailable of g everyplacening themselves. Hernandez was born on September 13, 1903, Ka Amado as he is called, together with the nationalist leaders and intellectuals in government, the academe, and among the Filipino masses perceived in the postwar agrarian problems in Central Luzon the powerful roots of social alienation that would lead to discriminating pressures.1He was married to zarzuela actress and fairy of kundiman Honorata Atang dela Rama and began his writing carg onenessr as a journalist, and later, editor of several pre-World War II Tagalog news papers.2Moreover, Ka Amado was known for his active participation in the socio-political realm through his literature and his political thing. During WWII, he served as intelligence officer for the resistance.3The discussion of his involvement and participation pre, during and post war will be traced through an account of his life and works, his writings, the intercourse of labour Organization, his wife Atang dela Rama, and the essence of Philippine and Hernandezs literature.Life and WorksFrom 1926 to 1932, Amado V. Hernandez wrote Sariling Hardin a column in verse which was a calendar of happenings and observations on human weaknesses and social background. in the meantime in 1928, he had a running balagtasan in his column Pagkakaisa against Jose Corazon de Jesus, Huseng Batute in Taliba. Ka Amado defended independence movement and Huseng Batute called him the poet of the administration and was included by Julian Cruz Balmaseda among the poets of the heart.4Instead of do under the Japanese administration, Hernandez chose to leave for the hills. He was a major when the American forces returned in October 1944. He was appointed by President Osmea as councilor of the urban center of Manila and in 1947, he ran for councilor in the first post-war local elections and won in all four districts of the city. At this time, he was popular for being a pre-war poet laureate and journalist as easy as an organizer of the Philippine Newspaper Guild of which he became vice-president. He also helped organize and later on became acting national chairman of the progressive Congress of diligence Organizations or CLO which he said the objective was to help the worker achieve economic trade protection and to help in his cultural uplift.5In 1955, Hernandez wrote prison and detention center poems when he was transferred to Muntinlupa from Camp Murphy while waiting for the final ruling of the commanding Court in his pursuit of the Lower Court decision of lifetime imprisonment due to rebellion complexed with other crimes. His appeal lasted for thirteen years ahead he was totally acquitted.6Even before he was acquitted, Ka Amado was already writing for the vernacular magazines, particularly Liwayway.He wrote Bayang Malaya which is a historical poem that he started and absolute inside the little detention room in jail which is commonly called bartolina. It is a historical account of defending the nation and the ordinary citizens against the dominance of the purple Japanese Army. When the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) was overpowered in Bataan and Corregidor and were compelled to surrender, seconds emerged from the country and continued the strife and defense (Hernandez). USAFFE broke into several minor commands and waged irregular war against the invaders.7The main characters of this poem although not real personas, were symbols of real constructs of the war that created a history in its time.8Ka Amado was imprisoned for five years and six months in Muntinlupa and five other military camps namely Camp Murphy, Camp Crame, Fort McKinley, Panopio Compound and another camp which he did not know due to a forcible arrest at midnight while he was blindfolded with shackled hands. He has several dry lands as to his in-jail poetry and literature. One, he writes to exclaim the greatness of the Filipino rebels which were the glory of World War II (MSB) for he believes that if this splendor would soon be long forgotten by the contemporary heroes, history wont. Another reason that he posited as to why he pursued his literature is that he wanted to prove that the real essence of a poet cannot be incarcerated.Hernandez has a form of literature that stretches nearly three generations of Philippine literature9. He wrote in the introduction Isang Dipang Langit that he was able to write over 170 poems in antithetic periods and in diametric situations. Some he wrote before 1930, others during his life as a journalist and some he wrote afterward the war where he was in the middle of different movements in politics and labor.Writing almost Hernandez in 1947, journalist Jose A. Lansang, observed that Hernandez had fine speaking styles in Tagalog which true during his pre-war poet laureate long time which goes over with working crystallize audiences. Lansang notes that Hernandez had aptness in anecdote and fire of delivery which shows Hernandezs being well-read in the English language especially in progressive literature and had developed knowledge of the labor militarisations in various nations through intensive reading.The novel Mga Ibong Mandaragit which was first written by Hernandez while in prison is the first socio-political novel that, like Jose Rizals Noli Me Tangere, exposes the grave social cancer achieved in society post-war to the early open conflicts in Central Luzon in the 1950s.10The Congress of Labor OrganizationAmado V. Hernandez sponsored ordinances aimed at promoting workers rights and license. As he immersed himself in the labor movement in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Hernandezs compassion for the working class grew into a strong empathy for their struggle for social thoice and liberation. He represented the Newspaper Guild of th e Philippines in the countrys largest and most militant labor federation, the Congress of Labor Organizations (CLO) and in 1947, he was elected president of CLO.11In 1948, Labor Day witnessed one of its largest rallies of workers under CLO, the Peoples United Peasant and Labor Organizations held at Plaza Sta. Cruz. The mobilization was said to have been attended by 15,000 workers. Conversely, a rally that was held on the same day was attended by only 10,000 government workers in Rizal field addressed by President Quirino.12CLO kept organizing workers in the years that followed and at the same time, exposed up health clinics and nurseries in Manila as a social action project. As councilor, Hernandez retained the regard for him by the workers but at the same time, as the acting national chairman of the CLO, he gained the suspicion and doubt of the political authorities faced with the problems of insurgency in Central Luzon.13The CLO headquarters was raided by the military authoriti es on the 20th of January 1951 and Ka Amado was held incommunicado in Camp Murphy on charges of rebellion complicated by several other charges such as arson, robbery and murder.14The LiteratureThere have been a good number of discussions about Filipino poetry and literature, it has made for itself a good reputation but have received as well criticisms. Hernandez writes about literature always as a rising up or revolt from a generation put behind except for fanatic conformist.15Julian Cruz Balmaseda, poet, researcher and editor of the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa who considered Hernandez as among the poets of the heart divided the Tagalog poetry into three Panahon ng Dalit, Panahon ng mga Pagbabago and Panahon ng Pagpapalaganap. He used not just the ages and personalities of poets in these divisions but as well as the kind, topic and outline of their poems.16Balmaseda acknowledged that there was a significant development of the Filipino poetry during the third period. This was caused by the manner by which Filipinos were more or less capable of mention and we will not be embarrassed to say that our poems could be at par with other remarkable poems in different languages.17During the period of conquest (1942-1945) up to this particular moment, poetry has been accessed by the paralysis caused by its weakening. Amado V. Hernandez is questioning why is it that when we now have reached the fulfillment of a lifelong objective which is to have our language, the Filipino poetry started declining?18One of the major problems that Philippine literature has according to Hernandez (especially poetry) is sentimentalism and he recognizes that not even the famous Balagtas was able to avoid it. He quotes and agrees with a critic who said that sentimentalism is the greatest fault of art. The straightforwardness of expressing ones feelings is not just a bygone phenomenon but is also vulgar and rough as it is.19Meanwhile, the historian Teodoro A. Agoncillo described the prison (where Hernandezs poetry flourished) as crucible of the new Filipino poetry. He was imprisoned for five years and six months and he was able to write 40 poems, one long narrative poem Bayang Malaya and the draft of the novel Mga Ibong Mandaragit inside that period.20All of these have contributed to the social consciousness that Amado V. Hernandez was pushing for through his works as noted by Agoncillo himself ngunit gayon may dapat tanggapin na mabibilang sa daliri ng isang kamay ang mga manunulat na may budhing talusaling o nag-aangkin ng tinatawag na social consciousness (we should accept that the number of authors who own what we call social consciousness can only be counted by the fingers of one hand).21Agoncillo remarks the war that made the world succumb and set long-standing stagnant minds in motion werent even sufficient for our authors to be moved even after the 1941-1945 tragedy. Even after this, they remained complacent and trusting in their own hopeful motherlands. This land for Agoncillo is a sterile land and Hernandezs literature particularly his Bayang Malaya is likened by the causality as a surprising growth and emergence of a strong-willed kind of literature with sturdy branches that sprouted out of these barren soils.22Amado V. Hernandezs literature, whether poem or prose, in a few ways deliberately presents themes that are socio-political in character or that which are capable of raising social consciousness. Some of the titles of his poems that clearly represents this are as follows Sariling Hardin (My Own Garden), Isang Dipang Langit (A Stretch of Sky), Panata sa Kalayaan (Oath to Freedom), Bartolina (Solitary Confinement), Ang Dalaw (The Visit), Kung Tuyo Na ang Luha Mo Aking Bayan (When Your Tears Dry Up, My Country). His Short Stories include Wala ng Lunas (No More Remedy), Kulang sa Dilig (Needs Watering), Langaw sa Isang Basing Gatas (Fly in a crackpot of Milk), Dalawang Metro sa Lupang Di-Malipad ng Uwak (Two Meters in Land That Stretc hes Forever), Ipinanganak ang Isang Kaaway sa Sosyedad (An Enemy of the Society is Born), Isang Ulo ng Litson (Head of a Roast Pig), Kislap ng Utak,Pawis ng Noo (Sparkle of Brain, Sweat on the Forehead).23His experiences as a guerrilla, labor leader, and a political detainee were shaped into the novels Mga Ibong Mandaraggit (Birds of Prey), 1969, and Luha ng Buwaya (Crocodiles Tears), 1972Bayang MalayaOne of the major works of Amado V. Hernandez was the epic Bayang Malaya and he wrote the said piece while he was behind bars. It is a historical poem which, according to the historian Teodoro A. Agoncillo, is a strong piece of art that sprouted out of the barren soils that is our literature and it opened the blinds that were blocking the beauty of the East. Ka Amado was painting a picture not just of a single town but of the Philippines.24The main characters of this piece although as mentioned are not real personas, they were symbols of real constructs of the war that created history. Some of the main characters were Tala and Magtanggol among others. It narrated the news about the emerging World War and the Japan-U.S. conflict that was surfacing as well as the start of the war itself when Japanese forces started entering Manila which caused the entire nation to be enveloped in fear. A concept like the Co-Prosperity Sphere was tackled in Bayang Malaya although those engaging were mere fictional characters. The epic also tackled the different oppression mechanisms being employed by the Japanese as well as the punishments that one receives in the event of revolting.25Issues like the emergence of guerrillas were also described in Bayang Malaya. Attempted rapture of Tala for example led to her taking of the hills and joining of guerrilla groups.26Amado V. Hernandez was hence changed by his imprisonment and in Agoncillos words, the poet of hopes in Hernandez died in prison but the same prison gave birth to the critical poet and author who was just and was for workers rights.27Atang dela RamaThe wife of Ka Amado this queen of Kundiman and zarzuela in the same way as her husband, used her craft in promoting nationalism through the art that was performing. Honorata Atang dela Rama did not perform only for a nutrition or for the good pay she received for her talent. She held a strong belief that the zarzuela and the kundiman expressed the Filipino identity and she did her best to popularize these among her fellow Filipinos.28She believed that kundiman contained the heart and brain of the Filipino especially if she gets to introduce the art to foreign audiences. Atangs enduring faith in the Filipino heritage and the sariling atin was intensified and deepened when Amado V. Hernandez became part of her life. The columnist and poet who was to become a labor leader in the future, pursued the actress for three years. They were married in 1932 and the actress was integrated into a whole new world with Ka Amado.29Because of Ka Amados involvement in the gu errilla movement during the Japanese occupation, his generous support of the labor movements in his writings and organizing of activities, and his unjust detention for five years and six months for the alleged rebellion complex, Atang developed a social consciousness that opened her eyes to the reality of the oppression in society.30Later on in her life, she remained to show that her real purpose is not yet over. She hoped that recent artists and intellectuals will wake up and realize the necessity of having a culture that is genuinely Filipino which colonial regimes had made us abandon. Furthermore, she gave lectures to young actors and groups that wish to study the past in order to shape Filipino drama that would mean more in the contemporary period. She has also been invited many time by militant organizations of youth, women, writers and workers to speak and help promote the nationalist cause and strife that not even Ka Amados death in 1970 could put into an end.31ConclusionAm ado V. Hernandez is an consequential figure in the Philippine literature. He wasnt just simply a writer but also, he was a work leader and a freedom fighter. He used the literary art as a means to fight for social consciousness and liberation. His master pieces are encircled in the different socio-political beliefs which were considered to be due to brought about by his experiences as an intelligence officer during the Japanese regime in the Philippines.32He was not just a guerrilla who chose to take it to the hills, but he was as well a labor leader who exerted his energies towards the betterment of the Philippine work force after the war. He was a significant icon who fought for freedom and social equality and a poet and a writer who used his craft in increasing awareness and social involvement in the country.33He wrote based on prison experiences and just like how his wife emulated his principles, in these works, he uncovered what he perceived to be the neocolonial nature of Phi lippine Society and pushed for nationalist and progressive agenda to end the long history of the workers and peoples oppression.34He was able to expose the social cancer that was taking over the Philippines during his time and both his and his wifes craft helped transform literature and performing arts respectively.SourcesAbinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso. State and Society in the Philippines. Anvil Publishing, 2005.Amado V. Hernandez A National Artist, http//www.shvoong.com/humanities/1762958-amado-hernandez-national-artist/ (accessed 15 February 2010)Amado V. Hernandez, Bayang Malaya Tulang Kasaysayan/ Paunang Salita ni Teodoro Agoncillo (Ateneo de Manila University, 1969)Amado V. Hernandez, Isang Dipang Langit (Tamaraw Pub., 1961)Commemorative folio on national artist Fernando Amorsolo, Francisca Reyes Aquino, Carlos V. Francisco, Amado V. Hernandez, Antonio J. Molina, Juan F. Nakpil, Guillermo E. Tolentino, Jose Garcia Villa and internatioal artist Van Cliburn Cultural Center of the Philippines, Manila, 1974Nicanor G. Tiongson, Atang dela Rama Unat Huling Bituin (Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1987)The National Artists for Literature. http//nationalartists.panitikan.com.ph/avhernandez.htm/ (accessed 15 February 2010)

Love in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay -- Shakespeare, Romeo Juli

Love. In all its facets and colors, be intimate is understood and accepted as a concept by even the most primitive cultures. But what is love? Many bring outrs have debated this subject. Many works have been produced detailing the understanding individuals had of the concept of love. The more accepted conception of love is usually found in Romeo & Juliet. Many people refer to it as love at first sight, in French, le coup de foudre, as if you had still been struck by a lightning bolt. This interpretation dates back to the courtly love tradition which manifested during the late Middle Ages, first through chivalry and then more openly among the nobility. In fact, umteen references to the courtly love tradition are found in the play, for example, Juliets famous line Ill prove more true than those that have more cunning to be strange. Here, Juliet is obviously talking about the other women, those who know to be coy. The courtly love tradition is, however, best expressed in all the wor ks I have chosen by The Millers Tale, Chaucers recalling of tales supposedly told in his time period. In this story, we witness the amorous liaison between Alyson, the carpenter Johns wife, and Nicholas, a pupil of astronomy and courtly love. The lovers engineer a stratagem which forget allow them to consume their passion without fear of retribution, but only after much pressing on the part of Nicholas. Then Nicholas began to plead his cause And spoke so fair in proffering what he could That in the end she promised him she would. It seems strange that, in twain stories, there seems to be some resistance to the tradition of courtly love. Both stories were written during the Middle Ages, two hundred years apart. We can ... .... Everyone always thinks they set aside the truth. The Word of God can be a convincing argument for those who rely on faith to survive. The word of man, however, makes a stronger point, as it demonstrates how foolish and schmaltzy our beliefs can sometimes be, and how they can change and evolve with time. Who is to say what love will be a hundred years from now? What will they write when they speak of us, of our own courtship rituals, of the looseness of morals we sometimes manifest? Will they see our behaviours as evil or good? Or will they see us as people who acted according to the values set in the culture in which we lived? Or is it better not to think of the future, and just love each other, as we always have, regardless of everything else ?Works CitedShakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. London Cambridge University Press, 1959.

Hawthorne Essay -- essays research papers

I think that Hawthornes description of Dr. Heideggers study describes the quaternity friends. It was a dim, old-fashi championd chamber, festooned with cobwebs and besprinkled with antique dust In this quote, it represents the personal characteristics of the four friends, old and wrinkled. The dark and dank atmosphere of the study reflects their depressed personalities.I think that one of the themes found in Dr. Heideggers Experiment is that if a person is given a siemens chance at life, it is impossible for a person to salmagundi their behavior. Each of the characters all had chosen a life-style in their youths which each led a life of prosperity, but to loose their success and respect because of their behavior. The four friends had a life without pleasant memories to recall. They had gotten a second chance to relive life, they returned to their original faults. Inflamed to madness by the coquetry of the girl-widow, who neither granted nor quite an withheld her favors, the th ree rivals began to interchange threatening glances. Once rearward to their youthful selves, the good specify sees that their morals are good-tempered the same as before. Mr. Medbourne is stillness greedy. Colonel Killigrew still wants to seek the sinful pleasures he once had. Mr. Gascoigne is still lying about politics. The Widow Wycherly is still very vain and conceited. All of them laugh at the doctor since he is still old. They mock the sick, elderly, and disabled of which they had alone been so themselves.There are many ind... Hawthorne Essay -- essays research papers I think that Hawthornes description of Dr. Heideggers study describes the four friends. It was a dim, old-fashioned chamber, festooned with cobwebs and besprinkled with antique dust In this quote, it represents the physical characteristics of the four friends, old and wrinkled. The dark and dank atmosphere of the study reflects their depressed personalities.I think that one of the themes found in Dr. Heideggers Experiment is that if a person is given a second chance at life, it is impossible for a person to change their behavior. Each of the characters all had chosen a lifestyle in their youths which each led a life of prosperity, but to loose their success and respect because of their behavior. The four friends had a life without pleasant memories to recall. They had gotten a second chance to relive life, they returned to their original faults. Inflamed to madness by the coquetry of the girl-widow, who neither granted nor quite withheld her favors, the three rivals began to interchange threatening glances. Once back to their youthful selves, the good doctor sees that their morals are still the same as before. Mr. Medbourne is still greedy. Colonel Killigrew still wants to seek the sinful pleasures he once had. Mr. Gascoigne is still lying about politics. The Widow Wycherly is still very vain and conceited. All of them laugh at the doctor since he is still old. They mock the sick, elderly, and disabled of which they had just been so themselves.There are many ind...