Appearance versus reality Essay

Appearance versus reality Appearance versus reality is an important theme in William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’. The theme focuses on characters who are deceived by what appears to be real, and on the tragic consequences that follow this error in judgement. By evaluating the way the play shows that appearances are deceptive and the consequences of each pretence it is apparent that Shakespeare is conveying the message that all humans must make a decision whether to choose the world of appearance or real world concerns. This suggests that the characters who choose to be authentic will gain rewards and the characters who are deceptive will suffer the consequences. Throughout the play there are many examples of how appearances are deceptive and characters choose the world or appearance rather than of real world concerns. The audience is immediately introduced to the idea of appearance rather than reality through the supernatural witches. In act 1 scene 1 they say â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† this is an idea that contradicts itself, and is used to foreshadow the fact that characters in the play who seem to be good and righteous (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth) may actually be tainted or evil, and vice versa. This is clear whilst looking at both Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth, as their appearances and the way the act are deceptive and generally fatal to the other characters. Macbeth’s appearance differs from his true self. He portrays himself to be strong and wise, but inside he is truly weak. When he first faces the witches predictions, he says; â€Å"Come what come may, time and the hour runs through the roughest day.† (Act I, Scene 3) Basically he says that any good fortune that may come to him in the future will come on its own. He wants to appear collected, strong, and noble, but in the end, he completely contradicts his statement by greedily killing men to get what he expects is his for the taking. This shows his extreme weakness and deception of being a strong, noble man as he believes what three weird strangers tell him. Just like her husband, Lady Macbeth paints herself as a very potent woman. In spite of this facade, the murders and guilt beat at her conscience until she too crumbles. She tells her husband to â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t (Act 1, Scene 5), in order to hide their true intentions  whilst meeting King Duncan. Both these characters deceive others and also themselves as their original personalities are destroyed with the ambition to be king, by the thought of power and by the prophecies of the three witches. In ‘Macbeth’, ambition is presented as a dangerous quality. It causes the downfall of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and triggers a series of deaths in Macbeth. Ambition has a series of consequences in the play: Macbeth is slain as a tyrant and Lady Macbeth commits suicide. Shakespeare does not give either character the opportunity to enjoy what they have achieved by deceiving the other characters. This is clearly revealed in Macbeths soliloquy in Act 5, Scene 5, where he states: She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Here, Macbeth is summing up his life’s work, concluding that it’s nothing. Macbeth is saying that we are deceived if we think our lives should have meaning, he feels like this ass his ambition has left him empty. All this struggle—the fake appearance, the murder, the plotting, the self-questioning, the eternal damnation—and the world ends up exactly where it began: Malcolm will be king, and no one will remember Macbeth except as an evil, blood-thirsty traitor. By understanding the characters motives and personalities an understanding of  the representation of the human condition is established. It is clear that throughout the play desire and ambition comes before morals and the sense of power allows people to change their views and potentially become somebody their â€Å"not†. Macbeth knows to kill the king is immoral but is easily persuaded into doing so even though he knows it is fraudulent. This allows the understanding that humans are easily persuaded and although they might second-guess their actions, their lust for power and an influence on their decision making is a huge motivation to do â€Å"wrong†. The soliloquy in Act 2, scene 1 proves that Macbeths mind begins to play tricks on him, as the guilt of what he is about to do gets the better of him. Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feelings as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable as this which I now draw. Thou marshall’st me the way I was going. And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are mode the fools o’th’other senses, or else worth all the rest, I see thee still. And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, which was no so before. There’s no such thing; it is bloody business which informs thus mine eyes. Now o’er the on half-world nature seems dead and wicked dreams abuse the curtain’d sleep. This soliloquy in Act 2, Scene 1 implies Macbeth’s uncertainty and second thoughts about killing his king. The dagger’s appearance is somewhat ambiguous it can be read as an omen that Macbeth should proceed, or is it a final warning of his conscience? This further shows how humans will second-guess their actions and generally rely on others to push them over the edge to make their decision. Throughout the play it is clear that appearance versus reality is a main theme in the text. Ambition and search for power allows characters such as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to seem innocent and loyal but in reality be ‘evil’. By evaluating the way the play shows that appearances are deceptive and the consequences of each pretence it is apparent that Shakespeare is conveying the message that all humans must make a decision whether to choose the world of appearance or real world concerns. This suggests that the characters who choose to be authentic will gain rewards and the characters  who are deceptive will suffer the consequences. By understanding the text, it is clear that the appearance of these characters is nothing like the reality, and this became a tragedy to themselves and others.

Qualifications or Experiences Is Important? Essay

Linh: Today, we’ll talk about the topic: experience and qualifications. And there’s a statement that: â€Å"Experience and ability are more important than qualifications†. Do you agree or not agree? Let’s discuss it with two members in my group. Hi, Tam! What do you think? Tam: Um, I think qualifications are more important. Because if we have no paper qualification, we’ll have a lot of difficuties when we begin to work or apply for a job. Because we don’t have basic knowledge and chance to get insight into a specific field that we’ll work. So, many people say that: â€Å"University is a key to open a new window to our future.† And every year, students who finish school, they often enter a university and try their best to achieve. Because it is not easy to pass exams. Therefore, the way that we go will longer and hard when going to college. Linh: Yes, I do agree with your opinion, but you know, university is not the only wa to go in life. In reality, many people achieve their goals but have no qualifications. They sucess because of their effort and their ability. You know, they always want to have knowledge as much as possible. They study at university and experience themselves on part-time job in their free time. And it brings so much experience. So, although they don’t succeed on their studying, they still accumulate much experience and ability for themselves. In the end, they become a professional in field which they are working. How about you, Ngoc? Ngoc: yes, I agree with Linh and Tam. Students who graduate at university doesn’t always reflect true their ability. Because a person’s true ablility have to show by passing interview when he or she applies for a job. But most interviews is not only acquired test about knowledge that he learned at college but also practice or experience in life. Because, at university, he is learned theory than practice. Do you think so? Linh: Yes,right! Tam: Ok, I agree. Linh: So, my group go to conclusion is that experience and ability are as important as university qualifications. They are always necessary for everyone. Thank you for your listening!

Cbt (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud)

Evan Hall ECPY 421 CBT (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud) Introduction. Freud, being the â€Å"father† of psychology, has had an impact on the development of almost every other theory to fallow his own Psychotherapy. This is primarily because most recognizable psychological theorists began their training under some form of Psychotherapy. B. F. Skinner was one of the many theorists affected by Freud and his theories. However, even though Skinner originally studied Psychotherapy he eventually decided to stray from Freudian theory and develop his of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.Being derived from Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy shares some ideas but has many differences. Both theories deal with altering the thoughts and behaviors of clients but on different levels and in different ways. Differences. Freud’s theory of Psychotherapy focuses solely on the unconscious mind and works to help the client to acquire some insight on their unconscious beliefs and behavi ors. Measurement of the unconscious mind can be difficult considering its questionable existence.However, Freud was convinced that the unconscious mind was an imperative part of people’s lives and greatly effects their behavior and mental health. Freud’s therapeutic technique was for the therapist to be a blank slate and have absolutely no effect on the client. The client was then allowed to free associate, verbally expressing anything and everything that came to mind. It was Freud’s belief that everything expressed was an important clue to attaining the insight needed to relieve the problems which were troubling the client.Freud also believed that nothing said or done by the client was unintentional or a mistake. Freud believed that these â€Å"Freudian slips† were actually the unconscious mind, or the Id, breaking through the barriers created by the Ego and Superego. Freud believed that these barriers were created to control the impulses of the unconsci ous thereby protecting the individual from the morals of the surrounding society and vice versa. Freud’s technique was non-confrontational in that the therapist provided no guidance to the client. The therapist would only ask the client to consider the ossible hidden meanings to their trail of thought they had verbally expressed during their free association. (Dilman, 1988) Skinner on the other hand, considered the mind to be a â€Å"black box† and believed it was impossible to be measured or even considered when analyzing human behavior. Even though Skinner started off under Psychotherapy, he developed his theory of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy without any consideration of the unconscious mind. Skinner believed that all human behavior was learned and that the thought process involved in enacting the behavior could be conditioned.Skinner’s theory involved the use of the Skinner box. In the Skinner box either a rat or a pigeon was trained to perform a specific be havior in order to receive a food reward. Skinner used the food as reinforcement to promote the repetition of a specific behavior. Skinner created this form of operant conditioning after fallowing Pavlov’s studies in operant conditioning. Skinner believed that the unconscious mind was irrelevant when attempting to understand human behavior because all behaviors are learned using conscious cognition, which has no place in the unconscious mind.Skinner believed that all people are born as blank slates and that they are shaped and molded by the environment they live in. (Gelso & Fretz, 2001) Similarities. There are very few similarities in the specifics of Freud and Skinner’s theories. The goal of Freud’s theory is for the client to gain insight on their unconscious impulses and behaviors so that the client may bring their unconscious behaviors into their conscious mind, allowing them to control or edit those behaviors to their liking.Skinner also attempts to alter human behavior, although in a more direct manner. Both of the theories focus on the past experiences of the clients. Freud believed that all unconscious behaviors and impulses are primal and imprinted in our brains at birth, but they are only malleable during the first five years of life. Skinner also focused on the clients past and how they may have been taught to behave through operant conditioning. Both theories end goal consist of altering or repressing undesired behaviors.Psychotherapy uses the acquiring of insight to allow the client to observe their unconscious behaviors bringing them into their conscious thoughts so that they may edit or suppress those behaviors. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy used the techniques of reinforcement and extinction to either promote or discourage specific behaviors. (Gelso & Fretz, 2001) Skinner’s Theory in Depth. Skinner’s main theory of reinforcement is based in the behavioral approach where the theorists focus mainly on the overt behaviors of people and how they can be measured to some stimulus in our environment.An individual’s personality develops mostly in response to how they are reinforced or punished for responding to their environments. Due to ethical restrictions Skinner was not able to fully test operant conditioning with his Skinner box on humans, but he claimed that rats and pigeons would suffice because they share the same elemental processes as humans. This could be considered a weakness of Skinner’s theory because one may argue that humans may have similar elemental processes they also have much more developed cognitive processes that vastly exceed the limitations of rats and pigeons.One of the strengths of Skinner’s reinforcement theory is its effectiveness on young children. Most parents today still use a system of rewards and punishment to condition their children’s behavior, reinforcing the good behavior and discouraging the bad. Today’s jobs also use a sy stem of rewards and punishment to condition employees to follow the rules the company seeks to enforce. If an employee follows the rules and displays the appropriate behavior, they could be rewarded with a pay raise, a promotion, or positive acknowledgement.If an employee doesn’t follow the rules they could be reprimanded with negative feedback, demotions, or cut hours for part time employees. Another weakness of Skinners reinforcement theory is its inability to be applied in most forms of therapy. It’s difficult for a therapist to manipulate a client’s behavior with a system of rewards and punishments simply because the therapist can’t be around the client at all times. Reinforcement theory is best used in a self-regulated system of rewards and punishment. However, without some sort of external monitoring there is no certainty to the reinforcement.A final strength of the reinforcement theory is its usefulness in behavioral modification when dealing with individuals with behavioral issues. Whether a therapist or parent is dealing with an unruly young child or a rebellious and troubled teen, Skinner’s reinforcement theory can be used to edit ones behaviors to promote the desired and discourage the undesired. (Toates, 2009) Conclusion. Even though Freud could be considered the â€Å"father† of psychology, his old theory of Psychotherapy has had at least some effect on almost all of the theories to follow his own.Skinner’s theory of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and reinforcement is no exception when considering Freud’s influence. However, it would seem that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Psychotherapy are on opposite ends of the therapy spectrum. Though the two theories do share some similarities, they have a vast amount of differences. Although Skinners theory of reinforcement is still used to help modify the behaviors of individuals with behavioral issues or the behaviors of younger children or young tee ns, it has many limits.Skinners reinforcement theory has little application in a therapist-client relationship because of time constraints and other physical limitations. Reinforcement theory also has limitations when considering experiments with human subjects. The theory could be seen as unethical and inhumane because it goal is to manipulate and shape the behaviors of people while ignoring their emotions and opinions. However, even with these limitations people still use Skinners reinforcement theory when molding the behaviors of their children to fit the values and rules of the environment they will be growing up in.

Human relationship and introduction to counseling Essay

Human relationship and introduction to counseling - Essay Example Accordingly, this analysis will be broken into six subsections which will be numbered accordingly and seek to answer key components of this authors communications model, the ways in which it has developed, and how a greater understanding of communications and communication theory can help in ameliorating future breakdowns in interaction with key shareholders of given topics. Communication is essential in every interaction because it is through this process that an individual makes clear his/her thoughts and ideas. In health and social care, effective communication is necessary because there are certain conditions that greatly require the skill. For instance, for health caregivers, they should not just be able to be patient in making the patients understand why they need to take in their medicines, rest at appointed periods of the day or do some exercise. They can do this by explanation but the fact is that, when one deals with a person who is in pain, they can easily get irritated an d would refuse to listen and cooperate with the caregiver. Therefore, it has been suggested that people working in health and social care environments should be able to organize a conversation for effective communication. ... In addition, the caregiver should also understand cultural differences in order to understand what is being communicated by the patient and s/he would also know how to tell things to the patient. Asking questions is another skill that health and social care providers must be proficient in because they are able to bring out more necessary information about their clients through questioning (Lawrence 4). Lastly, they should also have listening skills, understanding what is said between the lines and not just grasping meanings from spoken words. There are indeed many facets of communication and these should be mastered for effective communication. As a function of analyzing the different means whereby communication takes place, and under what contexts/within which theories, this analysis will seek to briefly elaborate on the main categorizations of applicable theory and draw a level of inference upon the way in which models of communication can ultimately help in increasing the level an d excellence of healthcare, as well as social care, to the end patient. Although it is not specifically the intent of this brief research to discuss the level to which communications within healthcare and social care can affect each and every shareholder, it is worth mentioning, and will be briefly discussed, the level to which communications ultimately leads to a clearer and more nuanced approach to healthcare and social care even within the healthcare community and the many shareholders this ultimately represents. Although the term communications encompasses a great many mechanisms, theories, and constructs, the term itself, with relation to healthcare and social care can be simply defined as â€Å"the process of

Psychological Journal Reading and Questions Answering Essay

Psychological Journal Reading and Questions Answering - Essay Example The psychological experience is that focus of attention is essential for perception of gaze direction in a centralized attention pattern. The behavioral facts found in the study are those related to the compelling social elements that lie deep in the act of gazing. Gaze-recording techniques can be used for the analysis of behaviour traits of people engaging in a group activity. This is easily noticed as the gaze cues can happen in a millionth factor of any other facial expression. The study of gaze structure of people leads the head way in many of psychological studies which help a person find out what others guess from the very glance of their gaze. The authors have adopted experimental patterns to demonstrate their finding from the studies they made on the topic of gaze-behaviour trait relationship. They used super computers in place to support the operative study with a group of experimental participants and designated targets. Their experiments in the basic patterns found that directional information from head and eyes were combined for head always followed the direction set by the eyes. Target was seen simultaneously induced by factors of distracter stigmatization. The objects thus used in the experiments had a substantial tendency to appear directly above or below the target and could be congruent or incongruent with the target image. Objects used as 24 of such target stimuli resulted in as many as 192 displays. The congruency level in both cases did not exhibit much difference as the direction of visual imaging was concerned. Another experiment leads the way of vision theory with engagement of full face images with horizo ntally averted eye gaze suggesting predictions for directional information form unattended profile heads alongside hand targets. Some findings are that profile head distracters interfered relatively with hand targets. This idea supports the earlier findings of directional information from head cues being

Ricardo Semiler and Semco Company and its Changes Case Study

Ricardo Semiler and Semco Company and its Changes - Case Study Example No. The older Semler, Antonio was already culturally rooted in his management ways of being too bureaucratic and autocratic. He also cannot separate his personal affairs to business and this made Semler & Company under his leadership a moribund. Moreso, he did not have the modern business perspective of the time to change his style of leadership unlike the younger Semler, Ricardo who went to Harvard business school. Yes, the transformation and change of the company would have still come even if things were going well. The external factors cannot change the trajectory of the company when Ricardo Semler assumed leadership of Semco because he really intended to change the autocratic leadership of the company. The crisis only highlighted how effective the change to the company. In a way the change was drastic. Upon assumption as the new CEO, Ricardo Semler fired two-thirds of the top management of Semler & Company and that included many close friends of his father. This would not have been possible under his father because Antonio Semler did not separate work from his personal relationships. The new set up of the company was also a total departure of the old autocratic style of leadership of the company. The young Semler felt that the old autocratic leadership thwarted people’s motivation and creativity. Thus, he decided that the authority to make decisions at Semco to be more evenly distributed. In the process, he dismantled the rigid bureaucracy and structure of the company to make it more flexible based on the new three values of the company – employee participation, profit sharing and free flow of information. To emphasize the change, even the name of the company was changed from Semler & Company to Semco. There were a lot of changes that can be considered drastic if it will be compared  to the old leadership.   Strategy wise, among them product was product diversification and the creation of Nucleus of Technological Innovation (NTI).   Leadership style also changed to democratic and participatory to the point that employees can already direct themselves- set their own budget, even their own salaries and even the hiring and firing decision of both employees and managers.

Decision Making, Decision Levels and Types of Problems Term Paper

Decision Making, Decision Levels and Types of Problems - Term Paper Example There are different levels of decision making and types of problems, different types of problems include semi-structured problem, structured problem, and unstructured problem. For every type of problem, there is a different level of decision to be taken and there is a different solution for each type of problem. Normally structured problem as easily solved as compared to the semi-structured and unstructured problems, the reason for that the problem identification is easy because the problem is well structured. The process through which humans resolve and perceive the distance between a current situation and a decided goal is called the problem-solving process. A person has to first identify the obstacles which he or she will face to reach the desired goal and after analytical thinking, a person can overcome these hurdles. (Hicks, 2004) When humans find a solution to a specific problem, they store this information in their memories to use them for future situations. When we closely analyze then we come to know that the steps involved in both decision making and problem-solving are identical and sometimes we use these terms interchangeably. (Skyttner, 2005) The purpose of the input phase is to have a clear understanding of a particular situation; we first recognize the problem or set of problems so that we have a clear picture in our mind. By identifying a problem means that we know to the distance between a present situation and our desired goal. The identification process of any problem is very important to talk to our selves and others. Normally we face four common types of situations. (Adair, 2007) 1. A situation in which we know that something is wrong and we need to correct it. 2. A situation in which we perceive something to be a real threat and we have to prevent it from happening. 3. A situation in which we simply accept the needs and invitations. 4. A situation in which we see something is really missing and it should be provided.     

The major factors of business expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The major factors of business expansion - Essay Example Total float for the entire project is the sum of all floats of the activities. . Critical path. (American Society for Quality, 2008). Critical path = path A-B-D-E-G-H-L-M-N-O-Q-R Project Time Project time equals adding the durations for the activities in the critical path. = 4 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 6 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 49 days. If the project begins on July 6, 2009, Activity A would take 4 days to end on July 9 2009, activity B starts on 10 July up to July 17 2009, activity D starts on July20 2009 and ends on July 21 2009. Activity E would start on July 22 2009 and end on July 23 2009 while on July 24 2009, activity G runs up to July 31 2009. This would pave the way for activity H that would begin on August 3 2009 and run up to August 18 2009. Activity L starts on August 19 2009 and take 4 days up to August 24 2009. Activity M starts on August 25 2009 up to August 28 2009 and activity N goes on till September 1. Activity O starts on September 2 2009, till September 9 2009 and activity Q ends on September 10 2009. Activity R ends on September 11 2009. A 1 day delay on activity J would not affect the duration of the whole project since activity L can wait for 12 days for activity H to end. Completing activity O one day before schedule would reduce project days by one day. Activity C can not affect the duration for he whole project. A network diagram is a logical approach of representing several activities which indicate the flow or sequence of a certain project. It is used to indicate the path of the project and all its activities and the starting and finishing time for every activity. It also shows the names and events for every operation Case 2: Feasibility Report for...Activity O starts on September 2 2009, till September 9 2009 and activity Q ends on September 10 2009. Activity R ends on September 11 2009. A 1 day delay on activity J would not affect the duration of the whole project since activity L can wait for 12 days for activity H to end. Completing activity O one day before schedule would reduce project days by one day. Activity C can not affect the duration for he whole project. A network diagram is a logical approach of representing several activities which indicate the flow or sequence of a certain project. It is used to indicate the path of the project and all its activities and the starting and finishing time for every activity. It also shows the names and events for every operation I examined the feasibility of establishing a new base for William CO. Ltd for expanding its current base that has a medium sized head office of about 2,600 square meters and employs nine administration staff members in addition to the operational workers who total to 48 in number. The company is an SME company which is involved in supply of mechanical services including heating, air conditioning, ventilation systems and plants.

Leadership - Self Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership - Self Analysis - Coursework Example Leading aims at bringing change in an organization. It also involves giving inspiration to people. In leadership there is a lot of motivation that is carried out. In any job, there comes a time when one feels like giving up, the drive to work is not there. At such moments employees need to be motivated to work. What is important to know is that my motivation within the leadership premise should stem from what the results are and what kind of challenges I need to face over a period of time. This would mean that I remain in line with achieving these results through the challenges that I have to face every now and then. Leadership is dependent a great deal on how different situations are handled and what kind of authority the people enjoy when they are assumed as leaders. This would mean that they have to undertake difficult and easy assignments both with a sense of doing something right for not only their own selves but also the organizational under contexts. Leadership is an important entity in this day and age because it extracts the best possible mileage out of the related equations and gives the people what they direly require in terms of management, control and power that are exercised by the leader. I opine that these characteristics of leadership find out the exact basis of strengths that remain hidden within a person and thus derive where he is making the best use of the same and where he is lacking on the same front. Leadership always derives its basis from doing things when they matter the most and performing them in a regular manner so as to achieve sound results consistently. I would like to be a leader who could respond to others to provide them with direct answers and replies, and then stick to the subject under consideration. I would also like to stress on logic and provide emphasis on the related point under discussion. This would allow freedom for achieving personal milestones and goals (Zaleznik, 1989). However, what I appreciate about leadershi p is that it gives one the freedom to explore the nuances of business and handling people, and in telling the leader where and how he can move about to achieve solid results and goals at the end of the day. The aspect of learning cannot be denied its due role within the understanding of leadership. If the leaders stop gaining insights, it would be difficult for them to pace ahead with the changing times, and it would make their lives very difficult. As far as the concentration is on leadership, I believe at different stages of one’s career, an individual has to exhibit certain set of skills and qualities, which make him stand out like nobody else. He has to portray the best of his character and bring out what is not present in the rest of the populace. He has to lead by example, a thing which people of present times usually lack and which is not that easily found in our society. Similarly, at the top level, it is very significant to have a clear mind whereby the person can th ink way beyond his understanding as well as ask of his subordinates to carry out his instructions with accuracy and wisdom. Needless to say, a leader at a senior position has to understand that he/she is the ultimate boss and without his proper vision and goals, there can be no other person to fill the void which would be created if his thinking and mindset are just not prompt and in the right place. A leader is a person who aims to bring out his best in relationships with the people around him as he constantly asks of

What were the political and intellectual outlooks of the civilizations Essay

What were the political and intellectual outlooks of the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia How did geography influence the religious outlooks of these two civilizations - Essay Example Like Mesopotamia, Egypt was also dominated by a major river: the Nile, which was central to its life (Pollock, 1999). According to Trigger (2003), city-states in Mesopotamia, after successfully resisting incoporation into larger political systems for more than fifteen hundred years, were not transformed into territorial states, but absorbed into regional kingdoms. Unlike a hegemonic city-state system, the â€Å"Inka† empire was organized as a series of provinces ruled by the Inka upper class. Governorships were not allowed to become hereditary. Provinces were governed from administrative centres which were new foundations. Local rulers who in the central highlands were mostly descended from the hereditary chiefs, administered largely rural populations. Their executive powers were subject to the approval of the provincial governor. To reduce the power of conquered groups, they were sent as colonists to far-off regions of the Inka state, and replaced by reliable settlers from older parts of the kingdom (Patterson, 1987). In contrast to the situation in Mesopotamia, where urban development played a prominent role in shaping the civilization, most people in ancient Egypt continued to live in small, largely self-sufficient villages. Although the reasons for this are complex and include fundamental differences in political organization (Trigger, 2003), the greater uniformity and stability of natural resources and correspondingly lower risks associated with agriculture in Egypt were significant (Wenke, 1989). In Mesopotamia, political entities were most often small-scale competitive polities rather than centralized regional states (Pollock, 1999). Politically centralized territorial entities were the exception rather than the rule, and most were of short duration. Contrastingly, in Egypt, after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around the end of the fourth millennium, it remained a politically centralized state comprising of a great geographical

Compare and Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare and Contract - Essay Example The methodology is an evolutional process is which the findings change and evolve throughout the study. In contrast using a quantitative research approach starts with a specific research objective and through the process of gathering statistical data confirms the initial objectives of the study. In quantitative research collection of statistical data is used to investigate and answer research questions (Christensen, et al, 2011, p. 29). Researchers using a quantitative research approach will interpret and format numerical data systematically to produce evidence to support the research objective(s). In using the template for analyzing research both the Zoo Research Study and the Event Path Research for Professionals were similar in that each contained the majority of the items suggested allowing for a thorough examination. The problems and/or objective of the study (ies) were identified and verifiable citations were presented throughout the reports. The studies identified the specific populations targeted, the data collecting methods used; the studies presented the hypothesis, findings, limitations, and suggestions for future research studies to broaden the knowledge base on the subjects studied. Even though the populations of the individual studies were different with the Zoo Study focused primarily on children in grades K-12, and the Event Path Research examined adults, both studies sought to understand cognition, how to increase critical thinking, and enhancing problem solving skills. In contrast the research methodologies and approaches were different. The study involving the impact of field trips to aquariums, zoos, and nature parks on children used a â€Å"mixed† research design in which qualitative and quantitative methods were combined. The use of interviews and observations along with statistical data helped researcher form conclusions and base

Types of Advertising Essay Example for Free

Types of Advertising Essay

How Are Women Portrayed As Victims English Literature Essay

How Are Women Portrayed As Victims English Literature Essay The portrayal of women as victims is one of the key themes presented throughout Othello, Jane Eyre and The Colour Purple. The writers employ narrative and plot as vehicles to challenge the social attitudes of the period in which they are set. The women in the texts are subjected to three forms of suffering: physical, verbal and psychological; in which the audience/reader discover how women were treated and have the opportunity to reflect on how the drive for social change was born. Shakespeares play Othello presents women through the eyes of the fellow male characters, however there is some self-representation by the female characters; although much less frequently. The Colour Purple by Alice Walker is an acclaimed epistolary novel, showing the life and journey of Celie, a poor black woman who has known nothing of love in her life. Walker uses her as a vehicle to challenge the American society and to depict the brutality of the cruelty which black women endured daily. Finally, Jane E yre by Charlotte Bronte depicts the story of a young woman on a journey of love and self-realisation; in a characteristically bildungsroman genre, but with elements of gothic genre also. The eponymous heroine in Jane Eyre is shown as a woman suffering throughout her life in this society, as an educated, astute, yet poor young woman who is neglected and unacquainted with love. Jane is in a struggle to shake off the social conformities thrust upon her, meanwhile having to cope with psychological and physical abuse from her superiors in social status. The most prominent form of abuse present in Othello, towards the female characters, is psychological abuse; the fundamental ideas, attitudes and values the men have and how they behave around the female characters. Othello is a Jacobean revenge tragedy written in approximately 1603. Despite Elizabeth I reigning over England up to this point, women in Britain still remained dormant in society, having virtually no rights or status; the only status they could gain would be through marriage. This is where we are able to see the cause of why women were treated as property in this time, due to the importance of money; where fathers can secure fortune by marrying their daughters to wealthy aristocrats. In Othello the three women, Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are subjected to equal amounts of abuse, although Bianca is the only one to survive in the play. Desdemona is not introduced to the audience by name until she is present on stage, which is the first indication of the subservient female status. She is only referred to as a piece of property by the other male characters, Look to your house, your daughter and your baggage, showing how Iago is referring to her as a piece of baggage, amidst his household and other property. This reference highlights not only her apparent unimportance, but also her inferior position as a female as, much like the audience, she seems unable to intervene and must watch her husband break down through paranoia. Secondly, the fact that Brabantio is not offended by this remark displays how he expects Desdemona to defer to his wishes and how this attitude was routine in this period. While Desdemona is a victim due to her sex, there are other factors also bey ond her control which cause her further suffering. There are apparent similarities to the way marginalised characters are presented, whether it is due to sex, race or belief. So, while we see the contrast in living environment between male and female characters in a white patriarchal society, we can also observe the subtle similarities, particularly between black men such as Othello and women such as Desdemona, and how black men are subjected to ridicule by white men and how this accumulation affects women. Iagos murder of Emilia and deceit of Othello could also stem from the general hatred of women that he displays; Jeremy Abrams suggested that Iagos motive for betraying Othello is an underlying homosexual love for him, and the jealousy of Desdemona that comes alongside this. Many critics has dismissed this suggestion, but there is evidence in the play which testifies to this theory, such as the two-part exchange between himself and Othello in Act 3 Scene 3 Iago doth give up the ex ecution of his wit, hands, heart, to wronged Othellos service. This is similar to an exchange of vows at a wedding as they are both kneelt, creating an image of matrimony. Despite this, Iago is a talented villain for he is able to debase the strong, wilful Othello, manipulate his devoted wife into becoming part of the scheme and dooming Desdemona, all through the cunning use of one of the core concepts of any relationship: trust. This clever, yet lethal use of trust leads Othello into paranoia and to the eventual murder of his innocent wife Desdemona. In the Victorian setting of Jane Eyre two hundred years later, women seem to have attained some benefits or choices in their lives; although once more money is paramount in giving them the opportunity to do this. Women like Jane were gentlewomen who were semi-poor, and had to work. The only worthwhile role was as a governess, and it did not carry much respect. Brontes exploration of the social position of governesses in Victorian England shows how class divide between females can lead to further neglect. There is evidence of this from the disparaging remarks from Blanche, You should hear mama on the chapter of governesses: Mary and I have had, I should think, a dozen at least in our day; half of them detestable and the rest ridiculous, and all incubi. Jane is in a rather complex situation, as her education has been impressive and she has experienced childhood in a wealthy lifestyle, she possesses a sense of self-worth and dignity, trust in God, sound morals and a passionate dispositi on. But throughout the course of the novel, her integrity is tested time and time again as a young woman, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of herself and the restraints of being a governess, in order to find contentment in love and liberty. There are instances which highlight this divide and relate to Desdemonas situation, such as the time Jane spent at Lowood as a young girl, where the reader examines how Mrs. Scatcherd forces her to stand on the stool for the rest of the lesson due to hearing misleading news of Janes childhood, followed by Brocklehursts unfair tormenting of Jane under this false information; This girl, this child, the native of a Christian land, worse than many a little heathen who says its prayers to Brahma and kneels before Juggernaut this girl is a liar. Despite Desdemona and Jane being subjected to the same kind of abuse, the difference between the two is that Desdemona is subjected to this by a male, whereas Jane is subjecte d to this by another female; highlighting this extra element to female suffering from other females. Jane is in a continual struggle to overcome oppression and achieve equality. She must also fight against male domination, alongside class hierarchy, as her quest for self-integrity poses as a threat to men in the patriarchal society. There are three key males in the novel, Mr. Brocklehurst, Edward Rochester, and St. John Rivers, who threaten her goal of equality. Each stops Jane expressing her own thoughts and feelings by keeping her in an obedient state. Her unwillingness to comprise her integrity fuels her refusal of Rochesters proposal as Jane believes that she should not make herself a mistress to Rochester while he, legally, remains married to Bertha; not even to gratify her emotional needs. Paradoxically, her time spent at Moor House leads her to experience economic self-sufficiency and meaningful, educative work to prove that she can truly become her own woman; yet in this env ironment she lacks emotional sustenance. In regards to St. John proposal marriage, Jane declines knows the marriage would be based on the convenience rather than any emotion, and can therefore decline the offer, rather than deny her emotional needs for a husband. Jane later clarifies her choice when she says, I am my husbands life as fully as he is mine. . . . To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. . . . We are precisely suited in character-perfect concord is the result. The Colour Purple also portrays the constant psychological distresses of 20th century black women, and the constant fear of abusive husbands. Although we see the liberty of white women growing over the years between the writing of Othello and of Jane Eyre, for black women this oppression remains continuous. When black people were brought over to the western world as slaves, they lacked literacy and so were deemed inferior, leading to their constant persecution. Despite white and black women being in separate social background, the brutalisation and emasculation of black men in society meant their treatment of women was no better than the way white men treated women. Celie, the central character in The Colour Purple serves to show how, similarly to Desdemona, Bianca and Emilia, black women were victims of extreme forms of abuse, primarily due to the victimisation which black men were forced to endure through the slave trade in the white dominated society of the 20th Century. From an e arly age, Celie ensures her survival by making herself practically invisible; the only means of self expression or fortitude which she possesses are in her letters to God. The cause of this lies with her stepfather, Alphonso, who physically, verbally and sexually abuses her from a young age, but she represses any retaliation; contrasting greatly to view of Jane (even from a young age) but comparable to Desdemonas inert attempts to defend herself at the climax of the play. Later in life she reacts in a similarly lifeless manner when subjected to the abuse of her husband Mr._____. However, we see a change in the psyche of Celie when she meets the unconventional female character, Shug Avery. Celie has had every female relation or role model taken away from her, such as her mother or her sister Nettie, so when Shug appears as a new part of her life, Celie attaches herself to Shug and relishes the chance to find a female companion. Shug offers Celie an insight into an unknown world of su ccess, opportunity and hope, and reawakens the lost youth and vitality which Celie has spent so long restraining. This new relationship draws parallels to the unity between Jane and Helen Burns at Lowood. Helen gives Jane insights into Christian thinking and how our actions determine our place in heaven, which is similar to the way Shug opens up a world of success for Celie and an opportunity to escape her life of torment; something which she never thought possible. The second form of abuse to be addressed is verbal abuse. The letters from her sister Nettie, which Celie discovers in Mr. ______s trunk, reimburse a sense of hope and resilience for Celie, as she learns of the lives of her children which have been a mystery to her for many years. Gradually, we see Celie able to formulate and communicate her thoughts and feelings which leads to her violent outburst at Mr. ______, in which the years of abasement and maltreatment which he has put her through, is finally lifted from her shoulders. Celie takes the act of sewing, which is traditionally thought of as a mere chore for women who are confined to a domestic role, and turns it into an outlet for creative self-expression and a profitable business. So, now the reader sees her finding solace and happiness in traditional conventions which woman have been saddled with for centuries, and after remaining docile for years, she, like Jane, is finally contented and self-fulfilled And when her family are reunited with her, she has truly everything she has ever dreamed of and needed, evident as she says, Dont think us feel old at all. . . . Matter of fact, I think this the youngest us ever felt. It is interesting to see how, although she is subjected to arguably harsher levels of abuse, Celie represses these feelings and shows no signs of resistance, whereas Jane struggles continually to overcome oppression. Furthermore, Desdemona surfaces as a much more submissive character, which conforms to archetypal views about marriage and the role of women, and breaks the theme of militancy and fighting oppression amongst the three texts. These three female characters represent the authors attitudes to the oppressive nature of which women were subject to, and would have acted as a symbol of hope for all women who feel pressured in a male-controlled society. They would inspire confidence and show that perseverance through the repression thrust upon them will lead to success; although in Desdemona and Emilias cases there is an exception. Perhaps, through the deaths of Desdemona and Emilia, Shakespeare aimed to draw attention to female suffering and, although their lives will have been i n the balance earlier on in history, perhaps this was one of many stepping stones towards female equality.

Cultural Analysis of Pakistan

Cultural Analysis of Pakistan Definition of culture The culture of the educational system of Pakistan is comprised of a variety of local culture, social, political, economic factors, and factors from the broader global context. This system has been influenced by the many eras of numerous philosophies and worldviews. The Eastern ideas tend to highlight faith, responsibility towards one’s family and community, and the respect of elders (Gupta, 2007) as being the foundational aspects to education. Yet, it has been the western influences that greatly affected Pakistan educational culture. These Western influences emphasized the importance of education to every individual but they excluded religion and morality from academics. They also shift towards making education a fundamental right to all citizens and standardized curricula and assessments. Nonetheless, because Pakistan communities are mostly traditional, the education of females are dominated by cultural and religious values therefore obtaining an academic education is not perceived as greatly important to a female’s educational development. On the other hand the males are encouraged to obtain a solid education. Although the country’s constitutions eliminates gender inequality for education allowing and encouraging both male and females to attend schools, traditional practices are still being strongly upheld. Society perceives females as having a productive role within the confines of the home. They restrict the females to informal education such as the learning and teaching of home management and child rearing or specializing in domestic skills to be good mothers and wives. In contrast the males are strongly encouraged to attend school. They are taught that the male is the sole breadwinner of the home and he is supposed to dominate the world outside the home therefore it is imperative that he is equipped with the educational skills to compete for resources in the public arena. Recently, despite the government attempt to alleviate the gender gap in education by providing more schools and educational services for females, the rate of literacy in females when compared to males are still extremely low. Generally patriarchal values governs the social structures in Pakistan and the female gender is seen as properties to the males instead of individuals. So too, the culture of the educational system of Pakistan follows, where the male is in control and dominate over the females. In relation to the culture of educational system of America; for females, formal education was discouraged and mostly prohibited, it was seen by society as being unnatural for a woman to obtain any form of higher education. Females who venture into achieving education mostly learned forms of traditional domestic skills such as sewing, cooking and cleaning. Much like the female Pakistanis who were taught to take care of the home and trained to be good mothers and wife so too were the females of America. However, the societies have changed and the culture of education has drastically changed through the eras of females and feminist activists fighting for the right to equality in education amongst gender. Now both males and females are free to attend single sex or co-sex schools. The current societies of America strongly and equally encourages both males and females to achieve the highest forms of education in any field they desire. Society places great emphasis on obtaining solid academic education because they see education as a way of betterment to an individual’s life. Through accomplishing success in education society portrays that an individual will have all the convenience of the materialistic world. Therefore, parents and adults compel and sympathizes with the younger generations to attend school. Some children embrace this encouragement and try to achieve educational success. Although the elders see education in this light, some of the younger generations do not apprec iate the value of being formally educated. There are children who go through the system because they are forced by both the laws and their parent to be formally educated. The influence of their elders are ineffective in their educational decision in whether they choose to embrace or reject education. The government has a major role in the education system of America. Education whether privately or publicly is mandated by the laws of states to be compulsory, where all children must attend school between an average ages of five to sixteen. The government sector is primary responsible for the education system of America. They set the standards, create the curricula and assessment, provide some of the additional recourses free such as transport and lunch to all students in the public schools. The government also provides means in which children with disabilities can still attend school and achieve a degree of formal education. All these aspect are provided in an attempt to make education a successful part of human development. History of the culture In America the history of education started with, what is known as â€Å"dame schools† in the 1700s; it is where older females would teach their children basic knowledge preparing their boys for town schools, back then only the boys were allowed to attend town schools. Whereas, the girls were thought only to the point of dame school and then thought skills at home, such as cooking, sewing, washing etc. However, in the 19th century some girls began attending town school, they were only allowed to go to school at times where boys were not at school and if there were space in classes after all boys were accommodated. Soon after the wave of feminism began, when women started fighting for their rights. They fought that they should gain rights to educate themselves by attending public schools and argued that the only difference between man and women were socially created differences. After battling against the gender oppression, women finally gained rights to attend public school du e to government acts and conventions. In Cambridge, Massachusetts, Radcliffe College which is a woman’s liberated Arts College was established, which functioned as a female coordinate institute for the all-male Harvard College. The Harvard Annex, which is a private program for women created by Harvard, was found in 1879 after women determinedly try to become a part of Harvard educational program. Arthur Gilman, was the founder of The Annex/Radcliffe, at that time women education was unacceptable. Gilman was a Cambridge resident who wanted to sustain a tertiary educational opportunity for his daughter that was more than what was available in female educational opportunities; the new womens colleges. He discussed it with the chair of Harvards department, he showed a plan to have Harvard facilitate a small group of Cambridge and Boston women, and he presented his idea to Harvard President Charles William Eliot. Which was then approved; Gilman and Eliot gathered a group of well-connected Cambridge women to help facili tate the plan. 44 members of the Harvard faculty were then convinced to give lectures to female students for extra income which would be paid by the committee. The program is known as The Harvard Annex. The courses of study were 51 courses which were in 13 subject areas in the first year. Courses which were offered are in Greek, English, Latin, French, Italian, German and Spanish. Also in music, mathematics physics, natural history, philosophy and political economy. This movement was the beginning of the equality of education for both gender. In Pakistan through the eras of history education was perceived from a traditional and cultural stand point. The traditional educational system, which focuses on Islam, experienced an exponential growth since the 1970s, influenced by the wave of Islamic fundamentalism from Iran. The woman was the care takers of the home, while the men dominate by going out and working. History shows that education was always a priority to for the male, because they would have to go out into the world and work and provide for their families. But the society frowned upon women educating themselves because they were taught from their ancestors to specialize in domestic skills and take the roll of mother and wife, staying at home and providing for the family needs. However, this inequality is based strictly on the thoughts of society. As the government of Pakistan is working towards providing equality in the educating system for both male and female. The only problem they face is funding institutes to ed ucate girls. Since most girls who are educated come from wealthy families, feminist believes that helping to educate all girls, even from rural areas would help with the upbringing of the country, and increasing the funding towards educating girls would help in that aspect. It would allow girls to gain higher education, therefore relate to higher paying jobs. This would help with the uplifting of families and the country. The government of Pakistan does not stop anyone from receiving education in the country, whether it’s a girl or boy they are all allowed to receive equal education. However, it is society that places the inequality in education amongst boys and girls; it is based on certain beliefs in gender, separating their roles, causing bias in genders. Approximately twice as many boys receive academic education as girls in the country of Pakistan. But as of the year 2000-2007 the government have been taking a toll of this bias and looking to improve the inequalities that the females face as a result of gender. The Pakistani people follow traditions of their ancestors rather than what is believed by others, they see the males as the breadwinners and believe that that is the way it should be. But between the years 2000-2004 the country had a dramatic improvement in education, having a higher percentage of graduates every year, improving the countries status, however, Pakistan still has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the world. References National Womens History Museum. (n.d.). NWHM. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://www.nwhm.org Education in pakistan. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.wikipedia.org/ History of women education in the U.S.A. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.wikipedia.org/ Womens education in pakistan. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.wikipedia.org/

African Americans role of Television Essay -- essays papers

African Americans role of Television The roles African Americans play on television are not satisfactory. Though the roles have changed during the development of television, the current relationship is not representative of true African American people or their lifestyles. The question is how do the past roles African Americans play in television sitcoms compare to the current roles? How does this affect society’s perception of the African American in American culture? Throughout the history of television the roles and the representation of African Americans has developed with the changing cultural conditions. However, the representation of African American’s has not fully simulated into today’s society. What the average citizen views on his or her television does not accurately portray the African American’s influence on America. The early days of television held great optimism and hope for this new form of media as an avenue for African Americans to assimilate into white American culture. However, a pattern became evident, a pattern of type casting African Americans in roles which did not accurately and wholly portray the individual. A misrepresentation of African Americans became the common image on television. Variety shows initially promoted the new media as an opportunity for equal representation and communication between the races. However, a trend developed with African Americans often being â€Å"portrayed as custodians, maids, servants, clowns, or buffoons† (Crenshaw). The negative image, which was developed by these stereotypes, was perpetuated in the Amos and Andy Show. This television show began as a radio show featuring two white men portraying two comedic black men. When the show was transferred to television, two African American men were cast in the roles, acting as buffoons. The popularity of the show was overwhelming. This was the initial image of African Americans in television, which reached mainstreams Caucasian America and was the foundation for which future stereotypes were created. A new image of African American families was presented in the eighty’s with the Cosby Show. The Huxtable’s were a successful African American family with a life similar to the accepted and established Caucasian mainstream. This show was not accepted fully because it failed to represent the full cultural scope of African Americans. The current... ...After giving the presentation there were many different views coming from the audience which were not expected. The audience did not hold the same views presented to them. The point addressed was about how Will Smith was the buffoon on The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. They did not feel Will Smith was acting buffoonish, they thought he just brought comedy to the show. The audience seemed to focus on black people acting white rather than black people acting ignorant. They brought up the character Carlton, and how he acted white. When asked the question how they knew he was acting white they said he went to an all white school and was influenced by the way they acted. The audience also said Will criticized Carlton for acting white. They excused Will's buffoonish actions by saying white people were also made fun of through Carlton's character. This brings up the question how do we know what is characterized as acting "black" or acting "white", and what makes a show a "black" show or a " white" show. Again these questions revert back to the fact television shows have embedded stereotypes in our society. This makes people believe there must be a typical "black" person and "white" person.

A Christmas Carol - short review :: Free Essay Writer

A Christmas Carol - short review A Christmas Carol was published on 17th December 1843 in Victorian England. Victorian England was not a very nice place to live and Charles Dickens didn’t have the best childhood; his father was a clerk who was taken away from him and imprisoned when he was 12. Some people say this was how he became such a good writer – from all the problems he had as a child. England was a horrible place during these times – for example, there was child labour, where people got children to clean their chimneys as they were small enough, but it turned out the soot from the chimneys was carcinogenic, meaning it activated cancerous cells. There was also the Poor Law Act, which meant if you had lost an arm and were unable to work you had no way of gaining money. People also believed that you had to have money to be gentleman. There was the class system that meant if you were born into a working class family you would often die in a working class family – there were few chances to become rich and famous. Dickens often looked at life as a child; for example in Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations. This could be one of the reasons that Dickens chose A Christmas Carol to be at Christmas, as he thought it would appeal to the child in everyone. Many people believed that Dickens wasn’t just someone who wanted to make money, even though he was a workaholic. What he really wanted to do was to provoke authority to take responsibility for the problems that people were having in the country and Christmas was the best time of the year to do this. Dickens’ use of imagery in the novel gives a great sense of surroundings and what Scrooge and all the ghosts look like. For example, here is a line from A Christmas Carol, that is just about the weather, â€Å"It was cold, bleak biting weather; foggy withal; and he could hear the people in the court outside, go wheezing up and down, beating their hand upon their breasts, and stamping their feet upon the pavement stones to warm them.† Smiles and metaphors help us to portray and compare images in our heads and Dickens does this very well throughout the book. In A Christmas Carol, Scrooge is the novel’s protagonist. We know this as everything in the book has some sort of connection with him. In the novel Scrooge is represented as a misanthropist, i.e. a person who hates his fellow men. This kind of novel where a person changes

Free Essay on Romanticism and Intuition in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scarlet Letter: Romanticism and Intuition During the romanticism period, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the novel, The Scarlet Letter, which used the romanticist idea of deep intuition and inner feelings, allowing the characters to have insight of the plots and secrets hidden in the strict Puritan community that they lived in. Throughout the novel many of the characters have this intuition, making the book more alluring to readers when trying to figure out what each character really knows. At the beginning of the novel, we are shown Pearl's natural child-like instincts for the Preacher, who is actually her father. When Pearl was first a baby, Hester and she were shamed on the scaffold while Reverend Dimmesdale, her father, preached to the awed crowd of the deep sin committed by Hester. Pearl reached out for him, "and held up its little arms," (pg. 68) as if reaching for her father. In another instance, they were all discussing Pearl at the Governor’s house and Pearl, totally out of her independent character, went over to Dimmesdale and "taking his hand in the grasp of both her own, laid her cheek against it." (pg. 118) That was really unlike Pearl, who was a "wild and flighty little elf," (pg. 118) that didn't display affection like that. Both of these bonding experiences occurred while she was younger and neither time caused speculation by the townspeople in general.. Not only Pearl, but Mr. Chillingworth, Hester's husband, had the intuition of knowing, rather sensing that Dimmesdale was the father. It was never told to him by anyone, or even speculated that the preacher was the sinner, but he could sense it anyway and knew he had to become close to Dimmesdale to figure him out. He also knew, not as a doctor, but as an evil man, that when Mr. Dimmesdale grabbed at his chest it was caused by something greater than an illness, it was caused by something Chillingworth knew how to provoke. The most amazing of his intuitions, would be at the end of the novel when he was already aware of Hester and Dimmesdale's plans to leave with Pearl on a ship to England. The mariner first informed Hester of his plans when explaining to her "that this physician here- Chillingworth, he calls himself- is minded to try my [the mariner's] cabin-fare with you [Hester].

School Age Observation

I observed Mark in his fourth grade classroom during a science lesson. Mark is an intelligent ten year old child, but he has a difficult time paying attention to his teacher. He likes to get a lot of attention and when he gets bored he turns his focus to other destructive matters, such as, throwing pencils up into the ceiling. Throwing pencils in the ceiling has gotten him in trouble many times, and once he was kicked out of the classroom for it. When he becomes uninterested he stops paying attention to instruction completely. When he is bored, he needs to find another activity to fill the void, and that activity will be something that distracts the teacher and his classmates; two characteristics that make it interesting and entertaining to him. From my observations, I believe Mark’s behavior problems are the result of a lack of attention and disinterest from the people in his life, and a general sense of laziness and intimidation for tasks that seem difficult. Mark comes to school with an unclean appearance (dirty clothes, messy hair, looking like he has not bathed) and without the proper tools to actively complete his assignments. For example, he comes to school without any pencils or paper and his backpack is a mess of old crumpled papers. Mark’s behavior problems decreased as his teacher had time to give him one on one attention and break down his tasks into smaller assignments while giving him encouragement and the sense of working hard and having accomplished something. Mark read well, but at a slow pace that would become frustrating to him. He stumbled over words and his classmates had annoyed looks on their faces as he took so long to read a paragraph aloud. His teacher also realized this and later took the time to explain the textbook pictures and figures to him so he could visualize the content he was reading about. His teacher told him that if he becomes bored of the assigned work of looking up vocabulary words then he should switch tasks for a few minutes so he can take a break. When he would start to lose interest he would start trying to talk and get the others’ attention. He would stop his work, look around, and then call out, â€Å"This is boring! to the kids around him. There was a boy sitting next to him at his table that he would poke with a pencil and laugh at when the boy would get mad. He also spent a lot of time staring out the window and digging a groove into his pink erasure with his pencil. When his teacher was able to come and give him one on one attention he was attentive and looked at the teacher as she talked. Mark’s teacher creates a â€Å"to do† list for him so that he can check things off as they are completed. At the end of the section Mark was able to check off several things from his list, and he was proud that he was able to complete so many things. He bragged to his classmates at his table by showing them his list so they could see everything that he had finished. Mark is not a mean child, nor does he want to hurt others, but he needs more positive attention in his life. With the absence of positive interest from those around him, he seeks out anything he can get, which naturally ends up being the negative attention. His teacher does not always have the time during a lesson to cater to Mark, but she tries to check on him frequently because of the results it brings. After he was given extra help and saw what he was able to accomplish when he set his mind to a task the effects began to show in the classroom. Of his own initiative, Mark took out a piece of paper and started taking notes once his math lesson began. He teacher commented to me that that does not happen very often.

Intro to Public Relations Notes

The altercate of frequent trafficPR is multifaceted ?A national traffic jobal mustiness nonplus skills in ?Written and inter soulfulnessal chat ? look for ?Negotiation ?Creativity ?Logistics ?Facilitation ? job resolve orbiculate ScopeThe reality dealings industry is growing in legion(predicate) nations ? some $8 billion sp residue each year in the US ?Expected harvesting of 23% in Asian revenue in the neighboring five age ?Annual spend of $2. 2 billion in china A Variety of DefinitionsA number of definitions convey been formulated everywhere the years Cutlip, Center, and Broom, efficient reality trans legal mesh on at law ? humans dealing is the perplexity character that identifies, establishes and represents in return undecomposed traffichips between an political science and the several(a) generals on whom its success or failure depends. ?Glen Cameron, University of second ? frequent dealings is the strategical counselling of aspiration and struggle for the benefit of whizs ca go for system of rules-and when possible- besides for the mutual benefit of the arranging and its unhomogeneous stakeholders or nationals. ? up to(p) dealing hostel of the States (2012) unexclusive dealing is a strategic colloquy address that builds mutuall(a)y just traffichips between agreements and their mans ?Kevin Trowbridge (2012) ? mankind transaction is the parley worryment accessible function nousl which organizations build and maintain mutually beneficial transactionhips with the commonplace on whom the organizations success or failure depends. humans dealing Key equipment casualtyCommunication circumspectionBuild and nurtureMutually Beneficial kindreds boldness domains RPIE interrogationPlanning death penalty ratingDifferences between intelligence agency media and PR diaryistsPR victors Use only if twain components (writing and media relations) Use m whatsoever components argon accusative obser vers Are advocates boil down on a mass consultation Focus on defined worlds Use scarce one channel Use a variety of channelsDifferences between Advertising and PR Advertising populace Relations whole kit and caboodle finished with(predicate) and through mass media Relies on a variety of discourse nibs Addresses im material earshots Targets specialise auditory senses Is a conferences function Is broader in scope Is a communication in any casel in PR Fills a hold water procedure Sells goods and back upings Creates a affectionate environment for an organizations survivalHow PR Supports merchandisingEight ship fuckingal normal relations supports marketing ?Develops bleak prospects ?Provides ternary ships company endorsements ? arrests sales leads ?Paves the track for sales calls ?Strand so forthes dollars ?Provides two-a-penny literature ?Establishes credibleness ?Helps sell insignifi s staturet proceedss Differences between mickle and PR merch andisePublic Relations Is concerned with customers and merchandising crossways or services Is concerned with twist relationships and generating good get out Deals with aspire market, consumers, and customers Deals with commonplaces, earreachs, and stakeholdersToward an Integrated panorama strategical CommunicationConcept of consolidation ?To lend oneself a variety of strategies and tactic to convey a consistent sum in a variety of formsGlobal/Multicultural investigate basedRelationship foc utilizeinternet/ smart-fangled media orientatedToolbox- considern tactical maneuverA Changing Focus in Public RelationsThe evolution of the byplay office of PR beyond advancement and media relations product for PR artals in health c be, consumer goods, financial services, and technologyCrisis counseling in the big background of strategic management of affair Personal Qualifications and locations Six Es displaceial Abilities ? physical com stead skills ? look into skill ? Planning expertness ?Problem- declaration ability ?Business/economics competence ?expertness in neighborly media 5 Emerging Trends in PRStorytelling (and stage selling)QuantificationVisual communicationsproactive and Predictive remindering deviceingAdaptation 10 sills PR Pros pass on office up in 2020Advertising CopywritingVideo Editing/ mathematical productMobileSocial Content trigger/CurationAnalyticsSearch Engine Optimization constrict forward to In definingProgramming SkillsManaging Virtual TeamsBlogger Out arrive atWhat Employers ask 10 Qualities genuine writingIntelligenceCultural literacyThe ability to recognize a good accounting when you jaw oneMedia savvyContactsGood business senseBroad communications experienceSpecialized experience good emplacement Organizational RolesCommunication technician procedures ? taking photographs ?Writing brochures ?Preparing perish-and-take releases ?Organizing eventsCommunication carriage aims ? reservation communication policy decisions ?Over eyesight twofold communication strategies ?Supervising employees trusty for tactics The treasure of InternshipsWin-win dapple for some(prenominal) the pupil and the organization many a nonher(prenominal) major PR pie-eyeds wear formal internship programs ?Edelman Worldwide (Edel-U) ?weber Shandwick (Weber University) ?Hill and knowlton ?Ketchum Salaries in Public RelationsThe national median salary for experient sea captain persons ?Approximately $85,000 for practitioners with 7 to 10 years of experience ?Over $150,000 for practitioners with more than 20 years of experienceIn general, women operative in the PR vault of heaven establish less than men ?Factors that could lead to sex activity discrepancies ?The number of years in the national ?Technician duties versus managerial responsibilities ?The personality of the industry The coat of the organization ?Womens attempts to balance overwork and familyThe survey of Public RelationsA service t o clubInformativeRelevant bring in model through managing disceptation and competitivenessA instruct Hi score of Public RelationsIn the beginning ?Moses and Aaron ?800 years afterward Aristotle ( m otherwise of Rhetoric) ?300 years later Jesus Christ ?No one in history, before or since, could checker his skill as a storyteller, a overcritical skill for popular relations practitioners. ?Then the Apostle PaulAncient beginnings ?The Ro stackta rock empennagedy ?Julius Caesar ?The Church Public relations in colonial America ?Promoting settlement ? get by for independence ?Boston Tea Party, doubting Thomas Paine, Federa tendency PapersThe age of the press gene ?The age of hype ?Davy Crockett, Buffalo Bill, Annie Oakley ? insisting agent tactics ?The master of pseudoevent P. T. Barnum ? turkey cock Thumb, Jenny LindPublic relations grows as America grows ?Settling the Ameri cornerstone westbound ?Railroad promotion techniquesThe rise of administration and activism ?Pol itical beginnings ?Amos Kendall ?Activists ?Abolitionists ?Prohibitionists ?Womens rights advocates ?EnvironmentalistsModern in the common eye(predicate) relations comes of age ?Henry Ford billet and accessibility ?Ivy leeward ? inaugural populace relations counselor ?Rockefeller ? conscientious objector Fuel and Iron Company advertise strike ?George Creel ?WWI ?Edward Bernays ?Father of modern PRPublic relations expands in postwar America ?Rapid growth in all atomic number 18as of common relations a presbyopic with the separatement of mass media ?able to fascinate and seize development and shed it to the media/ batchEvolving practice and philosophy ?1800s to 1920s from press agentry to in the customary eye(predicate) knowledge to scientific vox populi ?centered almost the wars How military unitive is propaganda? How do we pursued tidy sum that what were doing is good? mid-fifties and 60s Relationship building ?Necessitated by activism ?What was adventure was nearly throng, giving people alludeity, seeing people as unique and equal personifyences ?1970s and 80s Managerial antenna ?Investor relations and MBO (Management by Objective) ?MBO = Managerial approach PR adapted to ?1990s and 00s Relationship management ?relationship building as tumesce as relationship maintaining Four Models of Public RelationsGruing and Hunt ?Press agentry/ familiarity ?age of hype associated with P. T. Barnum ?Public in make-up ?Ivy Lee, Edward Bernays comes in at the end of public information ?Two-way noninter agitateable comprehend to the people and tailor around their exigencys and ask ?Two-way symmetric ?the high-minded mode of practice ?goal is to light upon policies and actions that argon mutually beneficial to both vocalismies ?collaborative ?openness for the organization to change itself based on the consumerTrends in Todays exercising of Public RelationsFeminization of the field ?70% of PR practitioners are women ?Women sop up less coin than men ? fresh question ?PR was one of the for the low gear prison term fields that allowed women to display their abilitiesThe richness of kind ?Minorities constitute 36% of US citizens ?Hispanics are the fas experiment growing class minority practitioners lag behind population grades ?Professional groups seek to encourage minority practitioners ?Who do people trust? They trust people most care themselves. ?Religious, gender, race, etc.former(a) major trends in public relations ?Transparency ?Didnt become a trend until two-way asymmetric/symmetric ?An ever-broadening fond medial toolbox ?Increased fierceness on paygrade ?Showing ROI (return on investment) showing that what we do has results ?Managing the 24/7 news cycle ? rising military commissions in mass media ?Outsourcing to public relations firms ?The importance of feelinglong learning looking for opportunities to develop yourself schoolmasterly learning doesnt stop when teach does A Growing Professio nal coiffureThe Public Relations Society of America ?The braggart(a)st national public relations organization in the world ?The Public Relations Student Society of America (PRSSA)The planetary Association Business Communications ?The second-largest organization of communication and public relations professionalsThe external Public Relations Association ?A London-based global organization Professionalism, Licensing, and AccreditationProfessionalism ?Professional practitioners should pay off A sense of independence ?A sense of responsibility to society and public recreates ?Concern for the competence and honor of the profession ?A higher loyalty to the profession than to an employer ?Careerist versus professional set ?Technician mentalityLicensing ? upholds ?Defines PR, unifies curricula, unifies standards, protects clients, protects practitioners, raises practitioners credibility ?Opponents ?Violates 1st amendment, malpractice laws exist, states license nevertheless PR works n ationally/ world-wide, ensures still token(prenominal) competence/ ethics, join ond credibility non ensured, expensive Accreditation ?Certification by professional organizations ?PRSA and IABC compose out accreditation Public Relations Departments splendor of PR in todays organizations ?PR pros seen as strategic communication managers ?PR offers 184% ROI ?CEOs expect communication that is strategic, explore-based, and two-wayOrganizational factors refractory the role of public relations ? astronomic vs. small firms ?Management perceptions ?C-suite attitudes/reporting issues ?Capabilities of the public relations executiveHow public relations departments are organized ?Leader titles ? report hierarchy Size of departmentsCommon divisions embed in large corporations ?Media relations, investor relations, consumer affairs, government relations, union relations, marketing communications, and employee communications Line and module FunctionsLine manager ?Delegates, sets goals, h ires, influences others work mental faculty function ?Little direct empowerment ?In right off influence others work through suggestions, recommendations, advice ?PR is a staff functionAccess to management ?PR influence is linked to access to top management ?Recommendations to management help in formulating policyLevels of beguileAdvisory Management has no pledge to request or act on recommendations ?Purely advisory practitioners are very a lot in tellingCompulsory-advisory Management is required to listen to public relations perspective before playactingConcurring authority PR and others must agree on an action Sources of abrasionLegal ?Differences on public literary arguments compassionate Re authors ?Differences regarding employee communicationsAdvertising ?Competing for resources ?Philosophical differencesMarketing ?Foc physical exercises on one public real or prospective customers The Trend toward Outsourcing Almost 90% of Fortune 500 companies work outside PR counsel in varying degrees ?The need for additional munition and legs ?To obtain a unique perspective and market insight Global pass awayFirms and their offices or affiliates are situated in most of the worlds major cities and capitalsSubstantial revenues from international operations Public Relations FirmsFirms adjudge regional, national, and global reachPR Firms slew complement in-house expertise ?PR Firms offer different servicesRapid growth of PR firmsEmphasis on the guidance aspectThe rise of communication conglomerates Many firms are owned by communication conglomerates and in that locationby tidy sum offer integrated services (i. e. , PR and advertising expertise) through affiliates ?The reason for acquisition of PR firms ? earthy evolutionary tone of voice of integration ? frugal involvement coordinate of a counselor firm ?Depends on size of firm ?Small firm whitethorn all have owner and one or two associates ?Large firms have an broaden hierarchy Pros and Cons of Usin g a Public Relations Firm AdvantagesDisadvantages Objectivity part-time commitment Skills and expertise Need for long briefing Extensive resources Internal tartness Offices throughout the country Need for direction Problem-solving skills Need for information and confidence credibleness High costs Fees and Charges canonical periodic lean, plus out-of-pocket expenses ? to the highest degree wide use among large firmsRetainer feeFixed project fee birth for placement ?Seldom use rank Notes 1/28/2013 ?Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays are intrinsic to Public Relations ?Bernays = father of modern public relations ?Public Relations Anagrams ? squat Built On Lies ?Spout wizardry ?Social Blueprint understand the large picture, map out a strategy, give instructions to people involved ? metamorphose came with industrialization ?Ivy Lee first pr counselor first to regularize its non just furtherance ? puddle bridge of principles (pg 49 in book) ?Advancing the creation that business and industry ?Dealing with top executives and carrying out ?Maintaining open communication with the news media ?Emphasizing the necessity of humanizing business split Notes 2/4/2013 Four natural steps of Public Relations explore stead organization publics What is enquiry? What do you sound off of when you think of research? attainment Studies Statistics So much Searchable BackgroundChapter 5-6 Overview ?The four essential steps of effective public relations ? look for The first step ?Research methods ?Planning The second step Research The first step ?Situation ?Organization ?Publics ?What is research? ?A form of listening ?Asking questions and looking for answers ?Essential to any public relations activity or campaign Questions to ask before research design ?Whats the problem (or opportunity? ) ?organization ?situation ?publics ?Kind of information require? ?How will results be used? ?Public (or publics)? ?Who should do it? ?How will info be analyzed/reported/applied? ?Timeta ble? ? cypher? Using Research ?Ways to research ?Achieve credibility with management ?Executives compulsion facts, not guesses and hunches. ?Define/segment publics ? collect detailed information about demographics, lifestyles, characteristics, and pulmonary tuberculosis patterns helps to ensure that mental objects reach the proper audiences ? develop strategy Test contents ?Research can determine which mental object is most undischarged to a target audience ? stay fresh crises ?An estimated 90% of organisational crises are caused by internal operational problems rather than by unexpected natural disasters or external issues ?Professionals can impede a contradict or crisis through environmental see and other research tactics ?Monitor competition ?Organizations keep track of what the competition is doing ?Research on the competition can be done with surveys, nitty-gritty analysis of the competitions media coverage, and reviews of industry reports in trade journals Generate p ublicity ?Polls and surveys can cave in publicity for an organization ? amount conquest ?The bottom line of any public relations program is whether the time and money spend accomplished the state documental Research Methods ?Types of Research ?Informal research ?Unplanned/spontaneous, Uncontrolled, Un imperious ?Formal Research ?Planned, controlled, systematic ?Secondary research ? brisk information ?Primary research ?New/original information ?Methodological Approaches ?historic/Critical ?Rhetorical/textual/ means analysis ?Qualitative Exploratory, rich selective information, a lot not generalizable ?Focus groups, in-depth interviews, observations ?Quantitative ?descriptive/explanatory, very much generalizable ?Mail surveys, telephone survey Qualitative vs. Quantitative Qualitative ResearchQuantitative Research Soft dataHard data Usually uses open-ended questions, unstructuredUsually uses closed-ended questions, requires forced choices, super structured Exploratory in nature probing, fishing expedition theatrical role of researchDescriptive or explanatory type of research Usually validated, moreover not authoritativeUsually valid and reliableRarely projectable to larger audiencesUsually projectable to larger audiences Typically uses non hit-or-miss samplesTypically uses random samples Examples Focus groups one-on-one, in-depth interviews observation participation role-playing studies stratagem pollingExamples Telephone polls mail surveys, mail-intercept studies face-to-face interviews coped cost, or omnibus, studies panel studies Research Techniques ?Organizational materials ?read every find fault of information on an organizations website ?Library and online databases Journal of Public Relations Research ? network ?Any number of corporations, nonprofit organizations, trade groups, special- by-line groups, primeations, universities, think tanks, and government agencies post reams of data in the Internet. ?Content analysis ?The systematic and ob jective counting or categorizing of theme ?In public relations, depicted object very much is selected from media coverage of a topic or organization ?Interviews ?Personnel faced with solving a peculiar(a) problem oft interview other public relations professionals for ideas and suggestions ?Focus groups This technique is widely used in advertising, marketing, and public relations to help identify the attitudes and motivations of important publics ?Copy interrogation ?A draft of a material/message tested on a group of people before it is sent out to the public can recover deep down a focus group ?Scientific sampling methods Random taste ?Probability Sampling ?Everyone in the target audience has an equal chance of being selected ?Nonprobability sample is not random ?Most precise random sample is selected from list naming everyone in the target audience Sample Size Usually a sample of 250 to 500 people will provide data with a 5 to 6 percent margin of misapprehension ?A sampl e of 100 people will provide about a 10 percent margin ?responses could go 10% either way scope Respondents ?Mail questionnaires ?Telephone surveys ?Personal interviews ?piggyback surveys ?Web and e-mail surveys Research Lets drill ?Whats the problem (or opportunity)? ?Kind of information required? ?How will results be used? ?Public (or publics)? ?Who should do it? ?How will data be analyzed/reported/applied? ?Timetable? ? reckon? *Articulate the benefit, value, or need for public relations possible quiz/test questionPlanning The Second musical note ?Planning must be strategic and systematic ?Planning involves the coordination of triune methodsElements of a Public Relations Plan1. Situation abridgment ?Public relations professionals cannot set valid objectives without a clear understanding of the situation that led to the conclusion that in that respect was a need for a public relations program2. Goals3. Key Publics (or Target audiences) ?Public relations programs should be directed toward item and defined audiences or publics4. Objectives ?Once the situation or problem is understood, the next step is to establish objectives for the program.5. Strategies ?A strategy didactics describes how, in concept, a campaign will achieve objectives it provides guidelines and themes for the overall program6. tactics ?Tactics describe, in sequence, the specific activities that put strategies into operation and achieve the stated objectives7. Materials8. Activities calendar/Timeline/Responsibilities (WBS) ?The lead aspects of timing in a program plan are deciding when a campaign should be conducted, ascertain the proper sequence of activities, and compiling a list of steps that must be completed to produce a finished product9. paygrade/ beat The evaluation element of a plan relates directly back to the state objectives of the program. objectives must be measurable in some ways to show clients and employers that the program accomplished its point10. Budget ? B oth clients and employers inevitably ask, How much will this program cost? sanctum GOST of Public Relations Planning ?Goals Where you want to go ?Objectives How you know when you get there ?Desired Result sense, Acceptance or meet ?Key Public ?Measure/Level of Accomplishment ?Time shut in/Deadline ?Strategies How are you handout to get there ?Tactics What youll need to get there The GOST must be aligned Planning Lets Practice ?Goals ?Objectives ?Strategies ? inventive ?e. g. , themes, messages Implementation The Third Step ?Implementation ?May be called communication ?Or may be referred to as action ?Is the process and the means by which objectives are achieved (i. e. , strategy is implemented) ?Tactics are certain to implement the plan ?Logistics are managed Public relations is the communication management function through which organizations build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with the publics on whom the organizations success or failure depends.Communi cation the systemic process of creating meaning Goals of Strategic Communication ? sense ? gist exposure ?Public relations violence provide materials to the mass media and sprinkle other messages through controlled media much(prenominal) as a newsletters and brochures ?Accurate dissemination ?The base information, often filtered by media gatekeepers, upholds built-in as it is transmitted through various media ?Acceptance ?Attitude change ?the audience not exclusively believes the message precisely also makes a verbal or mental commitment to change sort as a result of the message ? do ?Behavior change Members of the audience really change their current expression or purchase the product and use it making sure enough the earreach Receives the content ?Schramms model ?Source Encoder Signal decoder Destination ?Expanded reflects two-way communication ?Grunigs model of symmetrical communication ? spirit is the principle objective of public relations rather than view Ma king Sure the Audience Pays Attention to the depicted object ? suppositious perspectives ?Lasswells definition of communication ?Who says what, ?in which channel, ?to whom, ?with what effect? ?Media uses and gratification ?Passive audiences Active audiences Making Sure the Audience Understands the put across ? magnificence of language ?Understand cultural differences ? finish writing for simplicity and clarity ?legibility formulas Flesch, Cloze ?Use symbols, acronyms, undemanding-to- find slogans ?Avoid jargon, cliche, hype, euphemisms, judicial language Making the Message credible ?Source credibility ?The problem of source credibility is the main reason that organizations, whenever possible, use respected outside experts or celebrities as representatives to convey their messages ?Context of the message ? military action (performance) speaks louder than a stack of news releases familiarity ?Involvement is interest in or concern about an issue or a product Making the Message M emorable ?Repetition ?Necessary because all members of a target audience dont see or hear the message at the same time ?Reminds the audience, so there is less chance of failure to remember the message ?Remember the message ? hind end lead to Improved Learning and increase the chance of penetrating audience calmness or resistance ?Offsets the noise touch the message ?Contri simplyes to credibility ?Delivering information in a variety of ways via multiple communication channels Communication channel ?Face to Face Mediated ? owned Media ?Paid Media ?Earned Media ?Shared Media Making Sure the Audience Acts on the Message ?Everett Rogers Diffusion of Innovations ?A process by which any initiation is diffused through certain channels and then pick out over time among members of a social system Innovation Anything New (e. g. , Idea, Method, return, Service, etc. ) ?Relative Advantage ?The degree to which an creation is perceived as better than the idea it replaces ?Compatibility ?Th e degree to which an conception is perceived as being consistent with the existing values, experiences, and needs of dominance adopters Complexity ?Degree to which an innovation is perceived as being easy to adopt ?Trialability ?The degree to which an innovation may be experienced on a limited basis ?Observability ?The degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to others Stages of the bankers acceptance deal ?Awareness ?A person becomes witting of an idea or a new product, often by means of an advertisement or a news story ?Interest ?The idiosyncratic seeks more information about the idea or the product, perchance by ordering a brochure, choose up a pamphlet, or interlingual rendition an in-depth article in a publisher or magazine ?Evaluation The potential consumer evaluates the idea or the product on the basis of how it meets specific needs and wants. Feedback from friends and family is part of this process ?Trial ?The person tries the product or the idea o n an observational basis, by using a sample, witnessing a demonstration, or making qualifying records much(prenominal) as I read ?Adoption ?The individual begins to use the product on a regular basis or integrates the idea into his or her belief system. I read becomes I thinkEvaluation The Fourth Step ?Evaluation is the bar of results against agreed-upon objectives found during planning Evaluation improves the public relations process troika Kinds of Evaluation ?Ongoing ?Summative ?Formative (Research? ) Basic Evaluation Questions ?Adequately planned? ?Message(s) understood? ?How could strategy have been more effective? ?Audiences reached? ?Objectives achieved? ?What was unforeseen? ?Budget met? ?Future improvements? Objectives Prerequisites for step ?Develop a clearly established set of measurable objectives ?Outcome ?Awareness ?Acceptance ?Action ?Output mensuration and Evaluation Status ?3 Levels of Measurement ?Basic ?Measuring ?Targeted Audiences Impressions ?Media Plac ements ?Intermediate ? computer memory ?Comprehension ?Awareness ?Reception ? ripe ?Behavior change over ?Attitude Change ?Opinion Change Measurement of Message Exposure ?Compile clippings/mentions ?Most widely used metric ?Media Impressions ?Placement x circulation/viewership/listenership ?Internet hits ?Advertising equivalency ?Space/time x advertising rate ? arrogant trailing ?Analyze volume and content of media placements ?Information requests ?Cost per person ?Audience attendance Measurement of Audience Awareness, Attitudes, and Action ?Audience knowingness ?survey day-after draw back ?Audience attitude ?related to awareness ?baseline/benchmark studies ?Audience action ?the ultimate objective of any public relations effort ?measure want behaviorsChapter 7 Public Opinion and vista Overview ?What is public sagaciousness? ?Opinion leading as catalysts ?The role of mass media ?The role of deviation ? sight in public tone ?Factors in persuasive communication ?The limits of persuasion What is public opinion? ?Three aspects about public opinion formation ?Society is passive Psychologists have found that the public by and large tends to be passive ?Society is segmented ? ane issue may engage the perplexity of a part of the population with a particular vested interest, whereas another issue arouses the interest of another segment ?Society is dissever ? pot have some opinions that may involvement or compete with others opinions about the same issue. People also sometimes hold contradictory opinions or attitudes ?Public Opinion is powerful ?Activate public through public opinion ? range key publics through analysis of public opinion What do you think? What is the role of opinion leadership in the formation of public opinion? Opinion leading as Catalysts ?Opinion leaders can be formal or snug ?Interested in a particular issue ?Knowledgeable on a given topic ?They help frame and define issues that often have their root in individuals self-interests ?It is through the influence of opinion leaders that public opinion often crystallizes into a measurable entity ?The flow of opinion ?Multiple-Step Flow ?Opinion makers derive large amounts of information from the mass media and other sources and share that information with people The attentive public is interested in the issue but rely on opinion leaders to synthesize and interpret information ?The negligent public are unaware of or uninterested in the issue and remain outside the opinion-formation process ?N-Step Theory ?N-step conjecture states that individuals are seldom influenced by only one opinion leader but actually interact with different leaders ?Diffusion Theory ? someones adopt new ideas or products in five stages awareness, interest, trial, evaluation, and adoption. Individuals are influenced by media in the first two steps and by friends and family members in the third and fourth steps.Each individual is a decision maker who adopts a new idea or product when they reach the final step The Role of jam Media ?Agenda setting ?media tell the public what to think about, albeit not necessarily what to think ?Framing ?media and PR both have role in how issues are framed, which part are emphasized The role of affair ? participation inherent in news frames ?Use of media for strategic agenda-building Persuasion in Public Opinion ?Persuasion is used to ?change or neutralize unconnected opinions ?crystalize latent opinions and positive attitudes ?maintain favorable opinions Persuasion and Negotiation Persuasion is comparable to negotiation ?Public relations can be used as a tool leading to the ersatz dispute resolution (ADR) process Factors in Persuasive Communication ?Audience abbreviation ?Knowledge of audience characteristics such as beliefs, attitudes, values, concerns, and lifestyles is an essential part of persuasion. It helps communicators tailor messages that are salient, answer a perceived need, and provide a logical course of action. ?Appeals t o self-concern ?People become involved in issues or pay attention to messages that allurement to their psychological, economic, or situational needs. Audience Participation ?Attitude or beliefs are changed or compound by audience involvement and participation. ?Suggestions for Action ?A key principle of persuasion is that people endorse ideas and take actions only if they are accompanied by a proposed action from the sponsor. ?Source Credibility ?A message is more believable to an mean audience if the source has credibility with that audience. ? pellucidness of Message ?Many messages fail because the audience finds them unnecessarily complex in content or language ?Content and Structure of Messages ?Channels different media with different features can be used for diverse public relations purposes. ?Timing and Contexts ?A message tends to be more persuasive if environmental factors support the message or if the message is received within the context of other messages and situati ons with which the individual is familiar ?Reinforcement ?People tend to ignore or move negatively to messages that counterpoint with their value or belief systems Appeals to Self-interest ?Appeal to psychological, economic, or situational needs ?Maslows hierarchy of needs Audience Participation ?Workers involving in the problem solving Distribution of samples ?The act of participation advance by activist groups Suggestions for Action ?Recommendations for action must be clear to come through Source Credibility ?Expertise ? seriousness ?Charisma Clarity of Message ?Public relations practitioners should ask two questions ? go forth the audience understand the message? ?What do I want the audience to do with the message? Content and structure of messages ? swordplay and stories ?Surveys and polls ?Statistics ?Examples ?Endorsements ?Causes and rationales ?Emotional appeals Channels ?Different media can be used for diverse public relations purposes television ? paper ?radio ?social networking sites ?face-to-face communication Timing and Context ?Timing and context should be considered for achieving publicity in the mass media as well as for being persuasive Reinforcement ?A public relations campaign should be in sync with an audiences core value or belief system Limits of persuasion ? privation of message penetration ?Competing or struggle messages ?Self-selection ?Self perceptionChapter 8 Managing competition and conflict Overview ?A new way of thinking conflict and competition ?the role of public relations in managing conflict it depends factors that affect conflict management ?the conflict management life cycle ?managing the life cycle of a conflict A New Way of Thinking Conflict and contender ?Public relations can be defined as the strategic management of competition and conflict ? emulation ?Conflict Role of public relations in managing conflict ?Strategic conflict management ?Conflict is inherent in public relations process ?PR professionals must develo p communication strategies to manage the conflict What do you think? ?What are some real world examples of conflict management? Is conflict always speculative for organizations?Why or why not? It Depends Factors that Affect Conflict Management ?Stance-drive approach in managing conflict and competition ? external and internal variables stance strategy The flagellum Appraisal Model ?PR professionals monitor for threats, assess those threats, arrive at a desirable stance for the organization, and then begin communications efforts from that stance ?situational demands ?resources Contingency hypothesis ?Contingency factors ?a matrix of factors drive the stance ?The contingency continuum ?The stance is active it changes as events unfold The Conflict Management Life Cycle Proactive to hold a conflict from arising ?environmental scan ?issues tracking ?issues management ?crisis planning ?Strategic emerging conflict is identified as needing action ?risk communication ?conflict posit ioning ?crisis management ?Reactive must react when conflict reaches a critical level of impact ?crisis communication ? litigation pr ?conflict resolutions ?Recovery strategies busy aftermath to bolster or remedy news report ?reputation management ? pattern restoration Managing the Life Cycle of a Conflict ?Four systematic processes ?Issues management A proactive approach to ? hollo problems ?anticipate threats ?minimize surprises ?resolve issues ?prevent crises ?Strategic positioning and risk communication ?Strategic positioning ?communication efforts to position the organization favorably regarding competition and conflict ?Risk communication ?an attempt to take risks to the public that impact health, safety, and the envorinment ?Crisis management ? burn crises ?a study but the get for crisis management found that 86% of business crises were smoldering crises. ?How various organizations respond to crises Coombs crisis communication strategies ?attack the accuser ?denial ?e xcuse ? acknowledgment ?ingratiation ?restorative action ? practiced apology ?Reputation management ?The three foundations of reputation ?economic performance ?social responsiveness ?the ability to deliver precious outcomes to stakeholders ?Image restoration ?denial ? frustrate responsibility ?reduce offensiveness ?corrective action ?apology Deja Vu All over again ?Conflict management is like deja vu all over again by starting once again with tasks such as environmental scanning and issues trackingChapter 9 Ethics and the equityOverview ?What is ethics? ?Professional guidelines ?Dealing with the news media ?Public relations and the law ?Employee communications ? secure law ?Fair use versus aggression ?Trademark law ?Regulations by government agencies ?Liability for sponsored events ?Working with lawyers What is Ethics? ?Value system by which a person determines what is right or wrong What Do You Think? ?How can a public relations practitioner play the role of an ethical advocate ? The Ethical Advocate ?The ethical advocate is operating within an assigned role ?Ethical decisions are made based on the public interest ?the interests of employer/client ?professional organization code of ethics ?personal values Professional Guidelines ?PRSA Code of Ethics ? set ?Advocacy ?Serving the public interest by acting as responsible advocates for clients or employers ?Honesty ?Adhering to the highest standards of accuracy and impartiality in advancing the interest of clients and employers ?Expertise ?Advancing the profession through keep professional development, research, and education ?Independence ?Providing objective counsel and being accountable for individual actions ?Loyality Being faithful to clients and employers, but also honoring an obligation to serve the public interest ?Fairness ?Respecting all opinions and funding the right of free expression ? provide ?Free flow of information ?Competition ?Disclosure of information ?Safeguarding confidence ?Conflicts of interest ?Enhancing the profession Codes of Conduct ?The role of professional organizations ?public relations society of the States (PRSA) and international association of business communicators (IABC) ?to set the standards and ethical behavior of the public relations profession Ethics in Individual Practice Ethics in public relations begins with the individual, and is directly related to his or her own value system as well as to the good of society Dealing With the News Media ?Trust ? boon giving undermines the relationship between public relations professionals and the media ?Transparency Public Relations and the Law ?Defamation ?libel (printed), molest (oral) ?making a false statement about a person or organization that creates public hatred, contempt or ridicule, or inflicts injury on reputation ?Avoiding libel suites ?four requirements for filing a libel suit ?false statement ?identified or identifiable actual injury ?negligence Employee Communications ?Product publicity a nd advertising ?written permit required ?Employee free speech ? immunity of expression ?employees are limited in expressing opinions within the corporate environment ? privacy vs monitoring ?FOIA and government officials ?whistle-blowing Copyright Law ?Copyright is the protection of creative work from unauthorized use ?registration is not a condition of copyright protection, but it is a prerequisite to an assault action against unauthorized use by others ?What organizational materials should be copyrighted? How can you use the copyrighted materials of others? Fair Use Versus assault ?Fair use allows partial use of copyrighted material with attribution ? authority is required if used in advertisements or promotional items ?New copyright issues on the internet have been raised ? reign over of thumb ?get permission ?give credit The Rights of Photographers and Artists ?Freelance and commercial photographers bear ownership of their work ?The rights of freelance writers ?unless a comp any has a specific contract with a freelance writer to produce work that will be exclusively owned by that company, the freelancer owns his or her workTrademark Law ?Trademarks are registered words, names, symbols, or devices used to identify a product ?The protection of trademarks ?always capitalized never used as nouns (Kleenex tissues, Xerox copies) ?Trademark infringement ?the downside for a corporation who trademark becomes too commonly used Misappropriation of constitution ?A form of trademark infringement ?Unauthorized use of well-known entertainers, professional athletes, and other public figures in an organizations publicity and advertising materialsRegulations by Government Agencies ?The federal official Trade bursting charge (FTC) ?The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ?Other regulatory agencies ?The Food and dose Administration (FDA) ?The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms ?The Federal Communications Commission Liability for Sponsored Events ?Plant tours and open houses ?Considerations ?logistics ?work disruptions ?safety ?staffing Working with Lawyers ?A cooperative relationship must exist between public relations personnel and legal counsel